As cervical cancer rates fall, HPV is causing more throat and mouth cancers in men — why?

Vaccination against human papillomavirus (HPV) has drastically reduced cervical cancer rates among women who got the vaccine. But as doctors celebrate that news, they're warning of an ongoing uptick in other HPV-related cancers that is mostly affecting men.

Throat and mouth cancers, broadly known as oropharyngeal cancers, linked to HPV are on the rise, mostly in middle-aged and older men, data suggests. These cancers affect the back of the throat along the tonsils and the base of the tongue. A 2023 study of the U.S. found that cases of HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer had more than tripled between 1988 and 2004, with the bulk of that trend driven by male patients. This trend continues worldwide today, with one Danish study finding another tripling between 2000 and 2017.

So what's driving this trend, and what can be done?

How is HPV related to cancer?

HPV is an umbrella term that includes many viruses; those that cause cancer are known as "high-risk HPV." These high-risk strains spread during sex, including oral sex, making the leap from one body to another through tiny cuts in the skin or mucous membranes.

About 80% of sexually active adults will contract the virus in their lifetimes, usually within a few months to years of starting to have sex, according to the National Cancer Institute; about half of those cases are high-risk HPV. Most people's immune systems clear the virus within a year or two, but in some people, HPV lurks in the body and causes DNA damage that can turn cells cancerous.

There are 12 types of high-risk HPV, which are known to cause anal cancer, cervical cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, penile cancer, vaginal cancer and vulvar cancer. Two strains, known as types 16 and 18, are the most likely to cause cancer.

Anal cancer, penile cancer, vaginal cancer and vulvar cancer rates are all rising, too, although oropharyngeal cancer is more common than any one of these.

Why are throat and mouth cancers on the rise?

According to data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, an average of 13,600 cases of oropharyngeal cancers likely caused by HPV are diagnosed in men each year. By contrast, there are 2,400 newly diagnosed cases in women per year. The number of cervical cancer cases likely caused by HPV each year is currently around 11,100.

Thanks to widespread vaccination and screening, Australia is expected to eliminate cervical cancer by 2035, and other countries are progressing toward that target too. Rates of cervical cancer have also dropped in young women in the United States, with declines of over 50% in the states with the highest vaccination rates in 2016-2021, compared with 2000-2005, before the vaccine was introduced.

The adoption of HPV vaccination among both male and female patients should lead to an eventual decline in oropharyngeal cancers, as it has in cervical cancer. But because HPV can lurk in the body and wreak havoc long after a person is initially exposed, risks for older individuals who were not vaccinated as young people still persist.

About 80% of oropharyngeal cancer cases are in men, and 40% are in people over the age of 65, who became adults after the sexual revolution of the 1960s. At that time, having multiple sexual partners became more common, but this was well before the first HPV vaccine, Gardasil, became available in 2006.

As people with chronic HPV infections age, the immune system may do a poor job of keeping the virus in check, said Electra Paskett, a cancer epidemiologist at The Ohio State University College of Medicine. Other factors, such as chronic stress, may also play a role in the immune system losing grip on the germ. That's likely why a virus contracted decades ago can cause cancer in middle-aged or older people.

Why men?

Men are likely more susceptible than women to oropharyngeal cancer for a few different reasons.

One study of patients in Baltimore found that men were more likely than women to have oral HPV infections, with their degree of risk tied to their number of recent oral and vaginal sex partners. Performing oral sex was linked to oral HPV infection in men in the study but not women. In addition, men were slower to clear these HPV infections than women, perhaps indicating immune system differences that make men more prone to chronic HPV of the throat and mouth.

Are there ways to screen for HPV oropharyngeal cancers?

When it comes to throat and mouth cancer, "we just don’t have any good screening, diagnostics or interventions like we have developed for cervical cancer," said Dr. Diane Harper, an HPV expert at the University of Michigan Medical School.

For example, Pap smears detect precancerous cells in the cervix, allowing doctors to remove them before they turn fully cancerous, and HPV tests look directly for the virus's genetic material. But it's not possible to take swabs or biopsies of the back of the throat without causing serious discomfort and damage, Harper told Live Science.

Due to the lack of screening, most cases of oropharyngeal cancer are diagnosed after a patient develops symptoms, like a lump in their throat or neck, Paskett told Live Science. Luckily, HPV-linked oropharyngeal cancers respond well to treatment: The five-year disease-free survival rate is 85% to 90%, meaning the vast majority of patients respond to treatment and survive their cancer. Additionally, the recurrence rates are lower than in oropharyngeal cancers that aren't linked to HPV.

However, the treatment is "grueling," Paskett said, with side effects from radiation including mouth sores, nausea, loss of appetite and weight loss.

Should more men get vaccinated?

People who have been vaccinated against HPV have lower rates of oropharyngeal cancer. The HPV vaccine is approved for people ages 9 to 45, but doctors recommend vaccination for people under age 26. That's because, for older adults who became sexually active before vaccination was available, an HPV shot may not reduce their cancer risk. The vaccines help only before HPV infection occurs.

However, Harper said, patients ages 26 to 45 who haven't been vaccinated yet should talk to their doctors about their sexual history and current sexual activity to decide if the shot might benefit them.

As for patients older than 45, clinical trial data suggests that the vaccine is safe for all ages and effective for anyone who hasn't already had HPV. While the pharmaceutical company Merck tested the Gardasil vaccine on patients up to age 26, another vaccine — GlaxoSmithKline's Cervarix — was tested in people up to 80 years old. Although Cervarix isn't available in the U.S., the results of those clinical trials suggest that in general, HPV vaccination is safe and effective for older adults too, Harper said.

Say a person has had few sexual partners and is expected to be monogamous for life, but they suddenly find themselves divorced or widowed after age 46. That person might consider getting the HPV vaccine series before reentering the dating pool, Harper suggested.

"It really is an individual decision and depends [on] how risk-averse people are to the consequences of HPV," she said. Insurance might not cover the shot because it is not officially approved for that over-45 age group. But sometimes, Harper recommends that her older patients still get it if they are willing to pay out of pocket.

By comparison, she said, the decision is much easier for young people.

"For parents, I beg — I beg [you] to please consider vaccinating both your girls and your boys," she said. "If you do it at the age of 15 or younger, they only need one shot," she added. Recent clinical trials show that one dose of the vaccine, if delivered before the age of 16, is as effective as two. That said, official recommendations still suggest that patients get two doses of the vaccine if they start the series before age 15, and potentially three doses if they start later.

Those choices made during a person's childhood could have a huge impact on their health down the line. "We're hoping, 30 years from now, we'll be able to say, 'Wow, oropharyngeal cancer just plummeted.'"