Ancient Monster Shrimp Was a Real Softie

This pencil drawing shows the shrimp-like creature Anomalocaris canadensis, which was the top predator from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia. CREDIT: Nobumichi Tamura.

A gigantic carnivorous shrimp that roamed the seas 500 million years ago may not have been so vicious a killer after all, according to a new study. The research suggests that instead of crunching its prey, it gummed its food.

The Anomalocaris was a shrimplike creature that grew up to 3 feet (1 meter) long. Based on its tentacle-surrounded maw, researchers envisioned the creature as a shell-chomping monster. [Image of Anomalocaris]

"The popular opinion is that it's a giant predator cruising the sea... eating trilobites and other hapless prey," paleontologist James "Whitey" Hagadorn of the Denver Museum of Nature and Science told LiveScience. "The research I presented yesterday (Nov. 1) doesn't dispell the notion that it was a predator, but it does dispell the notion that it was eating trilobites."

Hagadorn presented the results at the annual meeting of the Geological Society of America in Denver. 

Soft mouthparts

Hagadorn was measuring the mouthparts of 400 fossils of Anomalocaris when he noticed that the creature seemed to be soft-mouthed. He saw no evidence of chipped teeth or broken mouthparts as would be expected in a shell-chewing predator. And many of the fossils were warped in ways that suggested that Anomalocaris' mouth, a whorl surrounded by whisker-like appendages, was bendable. 

These suspicions prompted Hagadorn and his colleagues to develop a three-dimensional model of the creature's mouth. The model allowed them to test how much force the creature could generate with a bite. They also measured modern shelled creatures, from shrimp to lobsters, to use as analogues to ancient trilobite shells.

The model showed that Anomalocaris couldn't have regularly chowed down on trilobites. It would have been able to swallow very small trilobites whole or gum down on recently molted trilobites, the ancient equivalent of soft-shell crab. But typical trilobites were out of the question.

"For the vast majority of trilobites, like 95 percent, the mouth of Anomalocaris would have broken before it broke the trilobite," Hagadorn said.

Wear and tear

As additional evidence, Hagadorn points to the fact that crushed-up shells of any kind are conspicuosly absent from fossil Anomalocaris guts. A lack of evidence can't be used to support a theory, he said, but in context, it's suspicious.

"It'd be like finding a crime scence with no blood in it, and no victim, and no murder weapon," he said. "And no evidence of a crime."

Instead of eating shelled animals, Anomalocaris may have combed through the mud for soft-bodied worms, Hagadorn said. Or it may have used its tentacled mouth to filter for plankton in the water, much like many whales do today.

"These things wouldn't show up in its stomach, because they're all soft-bodied," Hagadorn said. 

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