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This image depicts giant plasma cell flow paths on the sun for June 8, 2010. The underlying cell pattern shows westerly winds in red and easterly winds in blue.
Colossal spiral-shaped flows of super-hot plasma have been discovered on the sun, completing a nearly 50-year quest to confirm their existence, scientists say.
These enormous solar plasma spirals — each of which is at least 60,000 miles (100,000 kilometers) wide — could help spark the formation of strongly magnetic regions on the sun that have been linked with solar flares and other sun eruptions, researchers added.
The sun's internal heat causes matter to rise to its surface, where the material cools when near the cold of space, and then sinks back downward. This cycle of motion is altogether known as convection, and zones where it takes place are known as convection cells. [Solar Quiz: How Well Do You Know Our Sun?]
The rotation of the sun on its axis causes the largest convection cells to form circular, spiraling patterns.
"These are a lot like weather patterns seen on Earth — vortices that spiral and turn all over the place," study author Lisa Upton, a solar scientist at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, told SPACE.com. Convection in Earth's atmosphere is ultimately driven by heat from the sun; the rotation of the Earth then makes convecting air on Earth spiral.
This image shows the paths of giant cell flows on the sun for Aug. 30, 2010. The underlying cell pattern shows westerly winds in red and easterly winds in blue.
(Image credit: David Hathaway/NASA)
Super cells on the sun
Convection was already evident on the surface of the sun in two kinds of structures — granules, which are about 600 miles (1,000 kilometers) wide, and supergranules, which are about 18,000 miles (30,000 km) across. Granules last about 10 minutes, and matter flows in them at speeds of about 6,700 mph (10,800 km/h); supergranules endure longer, surviving about 24 hours, but matter flows in them slower, at speeds of about 1,100 mph (1,800 km/h).
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Scientists have suggested the sun might possess even larger convective cells for nearly five decades. These giant cells were expected to be about 120,000 miles (200,000 km) deep and wide, spanning the entire convection zone of the sun, the outermost third of the star's interior.
"You have to have something like these giant cells to help explain why the sun's equator rotates so rapidly,"study lead author David Hathaway, an astrophysicist at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., told SPACE.com.
These giant cells are expected to each last months, helping transport incredible amounts of heat generated in the sun's core to its surface.
"They ultimately help drive the sun's 11-year sunspotcycle, and should also help active regions — highly magnetic areas — form," Hathaway said. These violently active regions underlie activity such as sunspots and explosions such as solar flares and coronal mass ejections, which drives space weather that can damage electronics on Earth and in orbit.
The hunt for giant sun cells
The problem in finding these giant cells is how slow they were expected to flow, making it difficult to identify their influence on the surface of the sun. Now, by using NASA's Solar Dynamics Laboratory, researchers detected these humongous structures.
The researchers followed the motions of supergranules for days. This helped them identify the patterns of flow caused by the giant cells.
"People have been looking for these cells for 45 years," Upton said. "A combination of having the right data and the right techniques ultimately led us to observe these features on the sun."
Matter flows in these cells at speeds of about 18 mph (30 km/h). The spirals are at least 60,000 miles (100,000 km) across, and can last for at least three months. As expected from the effects of the sun's rotation, these cells flow clockwise in the north and counterclockwise in the south — in both cases, around high-pressure regions.
"Now we have to figure out how big an effect these giant cells have on the emergence of active regions on the sun's surface, and what that means for space weather," Hathaway said.
Hathaway, Upton and their colleague Owen Colegrove detailed their findings in the Dec. 6 issue of the journal Science.
Charles Q. Choi is a contributing writer for Live Science and Space.com. He covers all things human origins and astronomy as well as physics, animals and general science topics. Charles has a Master of Arts degree from the University of Missouri-Columbia, School of Journalism and a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of South Florida. Charles has visited every continent on Earth, drinking rancid yak butter tea in Lhasa, snorkeling with sea lions in the Galapagos and even climbing an iceberg in Antarctica.
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