Humans Can See Race and Sex Even in Simple Outlines

Eighteen feature points are localized along the face contour (A), and repositioned on the XY-axis (B). Smooth curves are drawn to connect adjacent points (C) and the region is filled in black to create a mathematically defined silhouette (D). This curve bears a close resemblance to the original (E). Credit: Nicolas Davidenko and the Journal of Vision, copyright ARVO

Can you tell which silhouette goes with the faces in the first two rows? Or which face goes with the other two silhouettes? This is how researchers determined that test subjects could identify a person's gender from a simple profile 70 percent of the time and pick our race with 85 percent accuracy. Credit: Nicolas Davidenko and the Journal of Vision, copyright ARVO

Adult minds are so keen at spotting race, gender and age that we can correctly guess those features from nothing more than a black-and-white silhouette, new experiments show.

"It's surprising how much information the silhouette provides," said Stanford University cognitive psychologist Nicolas Davidenko, who led the study. "We rarely have to identify a person in a silhouette, yet in the experiment, people can do that without difficulty."

The way that our brains process faces, he said, seems so flexible that our minds can even assign people to social and biological categories drawing only on views that occur less commonly in our daily lives—including black-and-white profiles.

Davidenko found that people correctly identified the gender of the person in silhouettes 70 percent of the time. Meanwhile, people guessed the correct age—to within 10 years—68 percent of the time. The study details are published in the March 21 issue of the Journal of Vision.

Hair's effect

Men were more easily identified than women and people overestimated the age of the silhouettes by an average of 8 years.  

These biases, said Davidenko, might be due to the lack of hair on the silhouettes, which were cropped to show only a facial profile. This could make them seem bald in some cases, a trait common to males and generally older people.

He has also found people are 85 percent accurate in identifying a person's race from a black-and-white image.

Brows, chins and noses

When studying face recognition, researchers often focus on features including the eyes, nose and mouth. But this new study suggests that certain aspects of the shape of the face appear to be key elements used to recognize a face.

For example, the width of a brow, length of chin and protrusion of a nose makes a face appear more masculine.

Davidenko has measured the contours of silhouettes in a collection of 400 face profiles to analyze, for example, which aspects tend to go with male faces and which are female.

"I hope other researchers will use this mathematically controlled method," he told LiveScience. "It provides an easy to use tool that makes research more quantitative."

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