Robert Coolman, PhD, is a teacher and a freelance science writer and is based in Madison, Wisconsin. He has written for Vice, Discover, Nautilus, Live Science and The Daily Beast. Robert spent his doctorate turning sawdust into gasoline-range fuels and chemicals for materials, medicine, electronics and agriculture. He is made of chemicals.
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Quantum mechanics: Definitions, axioms, and key concepts of quantum physicsReference Quantum mechanics, or quantum physics, is the body of scientific laws that describe the wacky behavior of photons, electrons and the other subatomic particles that make up the universe.
By Adam Mann Last updated
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Keeping Time: Why 60 Minutes?Dividing the day into hours, minutes and seconds is a recent practice with thousands of years of science and tradition behind it.
By Robert Coolman Last updated
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The Gregorian calendar: Why we have leap years and April Fools' DayThe Gregorian calendar — used by most of the world — was introduced to fix errors in the Julian calendar mostly having to do with leap years.
By Robert Coolman Published
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Euler’s Identity: 'The Most Beautiful Equation'Euler's Identity is a remarkable equation that comprises the five most important mathematical constants.
By Robert Coolman Published
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What Is Topology?Topology is a branch of mathematics that describes mathematical spaces, in particular the properties that stem from a space’s shape.
By Robert Coolman Published
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Properties of Pascal’s TrianglePascal's triangle, a simple yet complex mathematical construct, hides some surprising properties related to number theory and probability.
By Robert Coolman Published
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What Is Symmetry?In geometry, an object exhibits symmetry if it looks the same after a transformation, such as reflection or rotation. Symmetry is important in art, math, biology and chemistry.
By Robert Coolman Published
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What Is Trigonometry?Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics that studies relationships between the sides and angles of triangles.
By Robert Coolman Published
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What Are Logarithms?A logarithm determines how many times a certain number must be multiplied by itself to reach another number.
By Robert Coolman Published
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What Is Calculus?Calculus is a branch of mathematics that explores variables and how they change by looking at them in infinitely small pieces.
By Robert Coolman Published
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What Are Quadratic Equations?Quadratic equations are basic to algebra and are the math behind parabolas, projectiles, satellite dishes and the golden ratio.
By Robert Coolman Published
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What Is Algebra?Algebra is a branch of mathematics dealing with symbols and the rules for manipulating those symbols.
By Robert Coolman Published
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Tessellation: The Geometry of Tiles, Honeycombs and M.C. EscherTessellation is a repeating pattern of the same shapes without any gaps or overlaps. These patterns are found in nature, used by artists and architects and studied for their mathematical properties.
By Robert Coolman Published
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What Is Classical Mechanics?Classical mechanics is the mathematical study of the motion of everyday objects and the forces that affect them.
By Robert Coolman Published
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What Is a Proof?A proof is a rigorous argument that shows a mathematical claim to be true. Arguments that are proven become theorems, such as the Pythagorean Theorem.
By Robert Coolman Published
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What is a Transistor?Transistors are tiny switches that can be triggered by electric signals. They are the basic building blocks of microchips.
By Robert Coolman Published
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Keeping Time: Months and the Modern CalendarOur modern Western calendar is almost entirely a Roman invention, but it has changed significantly throughout history.
By Robert Coolman Published
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Origins of the days of the weekThe Romans named the days of the week after their gods. The Germanic people adapted the Roman system and gave us the English names of the days.
By Robert Coolman Published
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Keeping Time: Time Zones, Trains and the 24-Hour DayThe Egyptians started dividing the day into 24 units, a practice that continues to influence how we tell time.
By Robert Coolman Published
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Zeno’s Paradox: Understanding Convergent & Divergent SeriesA convergent series is a mathematical series in which the sequence of partial sums converges to a finite number. A divergent series is just the opposite — the sums do not meet a finite limit.
By Robert Coolman Published
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Building Green-Gas Technology Without a ManualRobert Coolman explores pyrolysis and biofuels.
By Robert Coolman Published
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Building Green Gas Technology Without a ManualRobert Coolman is on the cutting edge of biofuel research
By Robert Coolman Published
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Green Gasoline Comes Closer to Fueling Your CarResearchers have discovered how to make gasoline from sawdust and other plant materials and are currently moving from the lab to the power plant.
By Robert Coolman Published
