Astronomers discover surprisingly lopsided disk around a nearby star using groundbreaking telescope upgrade

Astronomers have discovered a surprisingly lopsided disk surrounding the mysterious nearby star Beta Canis Minoris, thanks to a brand new "photonic lantern" device that could vastly improve the observing power of ground-based telescopes.

Beta Canis Minoris, also known as Gomeisa, is around 3.5 times more massive than the sun and is located approximately 162 light-years from Earth in the Canis Minor constellation, where it is visible to the naked eye at night. Despite its relative proximity to Earth, researchers still don't know much about it. For example, past research suggested it is a close binary system made up of two smaller stars orbiting one another in extreme proximity, but this has not yet been confirmed.

In a new study, published Oct. 22 in The Astrophysical Journal Letters, researchers used their new photonic lantern device, attached to the Subaru Telescope on the summit of Mauna Kea in Hawaii, to photograph the puzzling star. This revealed that the swirling disk of hydrogen gas circling the star is not as symmetrical as expected, which could be further evidence that it's a binary system.

"We were not expecting to detect an asymmetry like this, and it will be a task for the astrophysicists modeling these systems to explain its presence," study lead-author Yoo Jung Kim, a doctoral student at the University of California, Los Angeles, said in a statement.

But what really excites the study team is that their new device achieved such a high level of detail on its very first use. They believe that the small device captured the "sharpest-ever measurement of a star’s surrounding disk" acquired by a single ground-based telescope.

The photonic lantern can be attached to almost any optical observatory-grade telescope. It works by taking light from an object and splitting it up into individual strands — "like separating a chord into its individual musical notes," researchers wrote in the statement. Each strand is then separated further by wavelength, like the colours in a rainbow, before all the individual bits of information are recombined using specialized computer software.

This process enables astronomers to partially bypass a major limitation of visual astronomy, known as the "diffraction limit," which is caused by subtle fluctuations that occur across multiple wavelengths of light as it passes through Earth’s atmosphere. With the new device, the researchers can see "subtle details that are otherwise lost," Kim said.

In this case, the lantern enabled the team to more accurately measure subtle color variations in the star's gas disk, which are caused by the Doppler effect — the change in the frequency of a wave due to the relative motion of its source and the observer. Half of the disk is tinted blue because it is spinning towards us, while the other half has a redder hue because it is spinning away from us. However, the color variation on each side of the star does not perfectly match, meaning the gas was not spinning in a perfect disk.

Normally, this type of insight is only available to space-based assets — like the James Webb Space Telescope — which don't have to contend with atmospheric disturbance, or by stacking together multiple images from different ground-based telescopes. However, the photonic lantern can boost the power of single ground-based telescopes so they can achieve comparable results, the researchers said.

"In astronomy, the sharpest image details are usually obtained by linking telescopes together," Kim said. "But we did it with a single telescope."

The team will now study other objects with their new device and attach it to other telescopes to see if the same level of observing power can be replicated.

"We are just getting started," study co-author Nemanja Jovanovic, an astronomer and photonics expert at Caltech, said in the statement. "The possibilities are truly exciting."