Tom Metcalfe
Tom Metcalfe is a freelance journalist and regular Live Science contributor who is based in London in the United Kingdom. Tom writes mainly about science, space, archaeology, the Earth and the oceans. He has also written for the BBC, NBC News, National Geographic, Scientific American, Air & Space, and many others.
Latest articles by Tom Metcalfe

1,000-year-old brick tomb discovered in China is decorated with lions, sea anemones and 'guardian spirits'
By Tom Metcalfe published
A brick tomb from the Jurchen Jin period of northern China was discovered during the renovation of drains in Shanxi province.

Was Stonehenge an ancient calendar? A new study says no.
By Tom Metcalfe published
Was Stonehenge an ancient solar calendar, as a 2022 study claimed? Not at all, says a new study by two scientists who specialize in ancient astronomy.

Earliest mention of Odin, 'king of the gods,' found in treasure hoard from Denmark
By Tom Metcalfe published
The oldest known inscription mentioning the Norse god Odin has been found on a gold pendant in Denmark from the fifth century A.D.

17th-century hoard brimming with 1,000 coins discovered in Poland
By Tom Metcalfe published
A metal detectorist in Poland looking for tractor parts on a farm discovered a 400-year-old coin hoard instead.

Bronze Age ice skates with bone blades discovered in China
By Tom Metcalfe published
Ice skates made of bone have been unearthed from a Bronze Age tomb in western China, suggesting an ancient technological exchange between the east and west of Eurasia.

Wreck of long-lost US World War II submarine found off Japanese coast
By Tom Metcalfe published
Japanese researchers have located the wreck of USS Albacore, one of the most successful U.S. submarines of World War II, off the island of Hokkaido, where the sub sank after hitting a mine in November 1944.

54,000-year-old stone points are oldest evidence of bows and arrows in Europe
By Tom Metcalfe published
New evidence that bows and arrows were used by early modern humans in Europe 54,000 years ago has strengthened the idea that such projectile technology might have given early modern humans an edge over Neanderthals.

Painful 'cross-shaped incision' in medieval woman's skull didn't kill her, but second surgery did
By Tom Metcalfe published
The skull of a medieval Lombard woman found in central Italy shows signs of having undergone two trepanations — surgeries to make holes in the head. But why she underwent the painful procedures is unknown.

3,400 years ago, 'brain surgery' left man with square hole in his skull, ancient bones suggest
By Tom Metcalfe published
A hole in a Late Bronze Age human skull found in northern Israel may be early evidence of trepanation; but other experts argue that the hole could have been made for ritual purposes after the man's death.

3rd-century-B.C. woman was buried facedown with a nail hole in her skull. Here's why.
By Tom Metcalfe published
A new study investigating the unusual facedown burial of a woman from ancient Sardinia has revealed signs that she may have died from a fall during an epileptic seizure.

Book of Revelation's vision of the apocalypse inspired by pagan curses, researcher claims
By Tom Metcalfe published
The cryptic Book of Revelation in the Christian Bible deliberately uses the language and verbal elements seen in Roman curse tablets, probably in an effort to reinforce its message, one researcher says.

Giraffe sex is even weirder than we thought, and it involves pee
By Tom Metcalfe published
Giraffes don't go into heat, don't have a breeding season and don't make mating calls. So how do giraffes know when it's the right time for love?

Lasers reveal ruins of 5th-century fortress in Spanish forest
By Tom Metcalfe published
Laser scans have revealed that what was thought to be an Iron Age hillfort in northwestern Spain is, in fact, an early medieval stronghold built in the fifth century A.D. and occupied for the next 200 years.

7.5-foot-long sword from 4th-century Japan may have 'protected' deceased from evil spirits
By Tom Metcalfe published
Archaeologists have unearthed an oversized ceremonial iron sword and a bronze mirror shaped like a shield from a 1,600-year-old burial mound in Nara, Japan.

17th-century Frenchwoman's 'innovative' gold dental work was likely torturous to her teeth
By Tom Metcalfe published
The teeth of an aristocratic French woman who lived at the turn of the 17th century were held in place with fine gold wires, a new study has found.

When did Rome fall?
By Tom Metcalfe published
Many historians consider the fall of the Western Roman Empire to have been when the emperor Romulus Augustulus abdicated, but not all historians agree.

Cryptic lost Canaanite language decoded on 'Rosetta Stone'-like tablets
By Tom Metcalfe published
Two ancient clay tablets from Iraq contain details of a "lost" Canaanite language.

Mysterious 12-sided Roman object found in Belgium may have been used for magical rituals
By Tom Metcalfe published
A fragment of a mysterious artifact known as a Roman dodecahedron has been found in Belgium.

Widening chasm births Antarctic iceberg larger than Los Angeles
By Tom Metcalfe published
The giant chasm on Antarctica's Brunt Ice Shelf has split and created a massive iceberg.

3,600-year-old hoards may contain the earliest silver currency in Israel and Gaza
By Tom Metcalfe published
A new study of ancient silver hoards from Israel and Gaza suggests that metal was used as currency in the Bronze Age, hundreds of years earlier than previously suspected.

Hidden, never-before-seen penguin colony spotted from space
By Tom Metcalfe published
Satellite photos showing poop stains in the West Antarctic snow and ice have revealed a previously unknown breeding colony of emperor penguins.

Medieval pendant found in a garbage pit may hold the bones of a saint
By Tom Metcalfe published
Neutron imaging revealed that a medieval pendant from Germany holds fragments of bone, possibly those of a saint.

Why does lightning zigzag?
By Tom Metcalfe published
The characteristic zigzag pattern of lightning is caused by a highly conductive form of oxygen that builds up as the bolt travels toward the ground.
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