Tom Metcalfe
Tom Metcalfe is a freelance journalist and regular Live Science contributor who is based in London in the United Kingdom. Tom writes mainly about science, space, archaeology, the Earth and the oceans. He has also written for the BBC, NBC News, National Geographic, Scientific American, Air & Space, and many others.
Latest articles by Tom Metcalfe

'Fascinating' Viking Age inscription reveals who owned immensely valuable 'Galloway Hoard'
By Tom Metcalfe published
A newly deciphered inscription suggests the immense "Galloway Hoard" found in Scotland over a decade ago was held in common.

Early-medieval stash of 'devil's money' found at cult site in the Netherlands
By Tom Metcalfe published
Researchers think the site in the Netherlands may have been used for pagan worship in reaction to the spread of Christianity.

Medieval 'vampire' burial in Croatia contains decapitated and twisted remains
By Tom Metcalfe published
The "vampire" find illustrates a popular fear that the "undead" could rise from their graves.

Rare 'Corinthian' helmet from ancient Greece is up for auction, and stunningly preserved
By Tom Metcalfe published
A helmet up for auction in London is a well-preserved example of the "Corinthian" helmets used by many hoplite warriors.

Roman emperor quiz: Test your knowledge on the rulers of the ancient empire
By Tom Metcalfe published
The Roman emperors were once the most famous people in the world, ruling over an empire that stretched between what are now Spain and the Middle East. But just how much do you know about these characters? Take our quiz to find out.

20,000-year-old 'human' fossils from Japan aren't what we thought
By Tom Metcalfe published
The bone fragments were once thought to be some of the oldest human fossils found in Japan.

Famous Sutton Hoo helmet may be clue that early Anglo-Saxons fought as mercenaries for Byzantine Empire, study suggests
By Tom Metcalfe published
The famous helmet is among the Anglo-Saxon artifacts that indicate an eastern link with the Byzantine Empire.

Ancient 'Stonehenge' in Golan Heights may not be astronomical observatory after all, archaeologists say
By Tom Metcalfe published
A new analysis of the 6,000-year-old stone circle known as Rujm el-Hiri (also Gilgal Refaim) in Golan Heights suggests that it was not built to observe the heavens.

1,700-year-old oil lamp found in Jerusalem shows a rare Jewish menorah, even though the Romans tried to suppress the religion
By Tom Metcalfe published
The lamp depicts Jewish motifs from a time when Jewish worship was suppressed under the Romans.

3 Christmas traditions that may have pagan roots, and 4 that (probably) don't
By Tom Metcalfe published
Some Christmas traditions mirror pre-Christian festivities, but some pagan influences may have been overstated.

35,000-year-old 'tortoise shell' carving may be Holy Land's oldest evidence of ritual behavior
By Tom Metcalfe published
A carved boulder found deep in a cave in Israel may have been used for rituals more than 35,000 years ago.

Ritually bent Bronze Age sword unearthed in Danish bog is 'very rare find'
By Tom Metcalfe published
The sword, which has iron rivets in its handle, may be one of the earliest iron artifacts found in Denmark.

New study reveals how ancient 'sky disc' was made, squashing claims it was a forgery
By Tom Metcalfe published
The research details the elaborate process used to manufacture the Nebra Sky Disc during the Bronze Age.

Early Americans ate tons of mammoth, 13,000-year-old bones from Clovis culture baby reveal
By Tom Metcalfe published
Radioisotopes in the bones of an 18-month-old boy who lived almost 13,000 years ago indicate that his mother ate mostly mammoths.

5,000-year-old artifacts in Iraq hint at mysterious collapse of one of the world's 1st governments
By Tom Metcalfe published
Newly analyzed 5,000-year-old clay bowls unearthed in Iraq may be evidence of early government-like rule, a new study finds.

1,600-year-old burials in Crimea hold gold and silver jewelry from 'rich women'
By Tom Metcalfe published
Researchers say the finds are from aristocratic burials between the fourth and sixth centuries.

'It is a treasure': Wreck off Kenyan coast may be from Vasco da Gama's final voyage
By Tom Metcalfe published
Researchers think the wreck was part of a flotilla that accompanied the Portuguese explorer's final voyage.

2 Stone Age circles discovered on English moorland may have been part of a 'sacred arc'
By Tom Metcalfe published
Two previously unknown Neolithic stone circles have been found in England, and they may have been part of a "sacred arc," an archaeologist says.

Scientists glean new details of mysterious, centuries-old shipwreck submerged in Norway's largest lake
By Tom Metcalfe published
Researchers now think the boat was a local "føringsbåt" for passengers and cargo.

Book of Kells: A 1,200-year-old manuscript made by monks escaping the Vikings
By Tom Metcalfe published
The Book of Kells is considered one of the finest surviving medieval manuscripts.

'Medieval' King Arthur site is 4,000 years older than we thought
By Tom Metcalfe published
The discovery suggests the mysterious "King Arthur's Hall" in England is older than Stonehenge.

Oracle bones: 3,250-year-old engraved bones and tortoise shells from ancient China were used to foretell the future
By Tom Metcalfe published
Archaeologists say the "oracle bones" from ancient China were used in magical attempts to predict the future.

'A flash of copper caught our attention': 4,000-year-old dagger discovered deep in Italian cave
By Tom Metcalfe published
Archaeologists say the finds will help them better understand the prehistoric people who lived or buried their dead in this Italian cave.
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