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Carnivorous plants can have valuable allies in ants, benefiting from their poop and janitor, bodyguard and cutthroat services, researchers say.
The carnivorous pitcher plant Nepenthes bicalcarata dwells in the nutrient-poor peat swamp forests of Borneo. It is not a very effective carnivore by itself — its pitcher-shaped leaves lack the slippery walls and viscous, elastic and strongly corrosive fluid that make those of its relatives such effective deathtraps.
However, N. bicalcarata does apparently have unusual support on its side — the ant Camponotus schmitzi. The carnivorous plant has swollen tendrils at the base of each pitcher that serve as homes for the insects, and a food source in the form of nectar secreted on the pitcher rims.
Ants of the species Camponotus schmitzi, dragging especially large prey out of a pitcher. If not for these ant allies, the remains would just rot inside the plant.
(Image credit: Vincent Bazile.)
In return, the ants apparently provide a host of services for the pitcher plants. They clean the pitcher mouth to keep it slippery enough to help catch prey. They attack weevils that would otherwise munch on the plant. They cart off the remains of large prey from the pitchers that would otherwise rot. They lie in ambush under pitcher rims and systematically attack any of the plant's prey that attempt to escape the traps. And their droppings fertilize the plants. [Amazing Photos of Carnivorous Plants]
Still, while it seemed that both pitcher plants and ants benefited from this alliance, investigators lacked hard evidence. It could be the case that only the ants profited.
Now scientists have compared both ant-inhabited and uninhabited plants, finding those with ants fared much better than ones without.
"The symbiotic ants are shown to be crucial for the nutrition and survival of their host plant," said researcher Vincent Bazile, an ecologist at University Montpellier 2 in France.
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An ant queen of the species Camponotus schmitzi, living inside a swollen tendril at the base of the carnivorous pitcher plant Nepenthes bicalcarata.
(Image credit: Vincent Bazile.)
The carnivorous plants with ants produced more and larger leaves, and their adult foliage was also three times as rich in nitrogen, the nutrient that is key to organic molecules such as proteins and DNA. Plants with ants also had more and larger pitchers — likely in part because the ants kept away weevils that would have chewed on pitcher buds — and their pitchers held greater masses of prey. Nitrogen isotope analyses demonstrated that ant droppings fertilized the plants. Analysis of leaf pigment also revealed that without the ants, plants displayed symptoms of nutrient deprivation.
"This combination of carnivory and ant-plant mutualism is, in the plant kingdom, an outstanding and unique adaptation for the exploitation of nutrient-poor soils," researcher Laurence Gaume, an ecologist at University Montpellier 2 in France, told LiveScience, referring to soils in tropical environments where the plants live. "This may explain why Nepenthes bicalcarata displays exceptional life span and vegetative growth, reaching heights up to 20 meters (65 feet) into the forest canopy, a record for the genus."
The scientists detailed their findings online May 9 in the journal PLoS ONE.
Charles Q. Choi is a contributing writer for Live Science and Space.com. He covers all things human origins and astronomy as well as physics, animals and general science topics. Charles has a Master of Arts degree from the University of Missouri-Columbia, School of Journalism and a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of South Florida. Charles has visited every continent on Earth, drinking rancid yak butter tea in Lhasa, snorkeling with sea lions in the Galapagos and even climbing an iceberg in Antarctica.
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