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Top Left: Normal mating of male (on top) and female crayfish. Top Right: Pseudo-copulation between a new dominant male (on top) and a new subordinate male. Bottom Left: After pseudo-copulation, dominant male is in an elevated posture at left and the subordinate male is in a prone posture; aggression between them is low. Bottom Right: After no pseudo-copulation, dominant male at right has elevated claws and posture, and the body of the killed subordinate male is at left. CREDIT: Donald H. Edwards |
Scientists have discovered pseudo-sex in crayfish, where males fake sex with each other to show dominance and reduce violence. Without it, these males often killed each other [image].
The use of "pseudocopulation" to establish hierarchies and ease aggression among males is also seen in mammals such as primates. This is the first time scientists have seen such a complex dominance ritual outside vertebrates.
Neuroethologist Donald Edwards of Georgia State University in Atlanta and his colleagues investigated Louisiana crayfish in a lab aquarium. Scientists had seen pseudocopulation between males in the wild and in captivity, but why this happened was unknown.
Normally a male crayfish begins sex by approaching a female from behind and lashing her with his antennae. Next he climbs atop the female and flips her over. If the female adopts a subordinate pose with outstretched limbs, the male grasps her and begins copulation for 30 to 90 minutes.
Among 20 pairs of adult male crayfish tested, pseudocopulation attempts happened in 16 pairs. In 12 of these pairs, the male that was forced into the subordinate role submitted, leading to pseudocopulation nearly identical to normal sexual copulation for seven seconds to about nine minutes. In the other four pairs, the male that was forced into the subordinate role refused all attempts.
In pairs that pseudocopulated, initial levels of aggressive behavior between the males—such as claw attacks or offensive tail flips— declined significantly during the first hour of interaction. All these animals survived over the first 24 hours.
However, in the male pairs that did not pseudocopulate, initial levels of aggression did not slack off during the first hour. Half of the subordinate males were killed, dismembered and partially eaten during the first 24 hours.
This suggests pseudocopulation helps establish a pecking order between males to cut down on battles between rivals.
"Universally, aggression or its threat is used to set up and maintain dominance rankings within a population of animals. Aggression, however, is dangerous for both dominant and subordinate, so many animals try to discover ways to avoid it," Edwards told LiveScience.
Edwards and his colleagues will report their findings in the Nov. 21 issue of the journal Current Biology. In the future, Edwards noted research could investigate whether female crayfish also pseudocopulate with each other.
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