Why Did People Take Iodine Pills After Chernobyl Exploded?

In the HBO miniseries "Chernobyl," the Soviet nuclear physicist Ulana Khomyuk (a composite character played by Emily Watson) realizes that there's been a massive release of radioactive material somewhere nearby and immediately pops an iodine pill. She then encourages others she encounters to do the same. So, why that pill? How does a simple element like iodine protect against radiation?

The short answer is that it doesn't have any direct anti-radiation effects, but might offer some indirect protection. Iodine doesn't ward off free-flying neutrons or remove radioactive dust from drinking water. It does however change how your body behaves, in ways that can reduce the risk radioactive materials pose. Here's how:

Under normal circumstances, your body is fairly iodine-greedy. Your thyroid needs the chemical, and without iodine, the thyroid can't produce the hormones it usually does. People with severe iodine deficiencies develop enlarged thyroid glands, or goiters. Very young children with iodine deficiencies can even develop intellectual disabilities, according to the American Thyroid Association. In the U.S. and other parts of the world, iodine gets added to table salt to prevent these issues. [5 Weird Things You Didn't Know About Chernobyl]

But iodine, like all basic elements, comes in different "isotopes," or versions of the element. Every isotope of iodine has the same number of protons (53), but the number of neutrons varies. In its natural state, Earth has only one isotope of iodine: iodine-127, which has 53 protons, 74 neutrons and negligible radioactivity. But as uranium atoms shatter in the core of a nuclear reactor, they split into smaller atoms, most notably iodine-131.

The difference between iodine-127 and iodine-131 is small, just four neutrons. But iodine-131 is radioactive, firing off neutrons and rapidly decaying, with a half-life of just eight days, meaning half of it will remain after that time. Your body can't tell the difference between these two isotopes, though, and your thyroid gland will hungrily absorb as much iodine-131 as it does iodine-127. And once absorbed, that iodine will sit in your body, spewing radiation into the surrounding tissue and damaging DNA. Taking a large dose of iodine, in theory, will sate your body's hunger for the substance and prevent you from absorbing the iodine-131 once it arrives.

It's best to act quickly though. Iodine-131 is "highly mobile" in its environment, Kathryn Huff, a nuclear reactor engineer and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign professor, told Live Science for a previous article. The substance enters the water, where plants pick it up and pass it on to animals. Once the radioactive iodine has been released, it's very difficult to get rid of until it decays away. [Infographic: Chernobyl Nuclear Disaster 25 Years Later]

Nuclear accidents are still (fortunately) rare enough that there haven't been very conclusive studies on the results of radioactive iodine exposures. But after Chernobyl, the most significant release of radioactive iodine ever, there was a spike in thyroid cancer in children in the affected area.

According to a paper published in April 2000 in the journal Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, thyroid cancer rates across Ukraine in children under age 15 spiked from less than 1 in 1 million to 3 per 1 million. In Belarus, they spiked to 30 per 1 million. And in Gomel Oblast in Belarus, one of the worst-hit regions, thyroid cancer rates in children spiked to 100 per 1 million. (Chernobyl was just 12 miles from the Belarus border.) Elevated cancer rates appeared just four years after the accident, and children born after the explosion developed thyroid cancer at normal rates.

It's unclear, the authors wrote, to what degree iodine pills saved lives. Potassium iodide was distributed after the accident, the authors noted, but that effort "was not begun until several days after the accident, and its use was very erratic."

People living in the area may have also been unusually susceptible to poisoning via radioactive iodine, the researchers wrote.

"The mild iodine deficiency in the region surrounding Chernobyl could ... have affected the radiation dose," they wrote, "by increasing the amount of iodine accumulated and increasing the size of the gland in which it was deposited, and it might also alter the radiation effect itself."

While it may remain unclear just how many lives iodine pills can save after a nuclear disaster, it's still standard practice in the U.S. to distribute the pills to people living near a nuclear plant. In the event of an emergency, according to handbooks distributed by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, safety officials will instruct people in the affected area to take the pills.

• 5 Everyday Things That Are Radioactive
• Images: Chernobyl, Frozen in Time
• Top 10 Greatest Explosions Ever

Originally published on Live Science.