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The unmanned Lunar Orbiter missions in 1966 and 1967 prepared the ground for Apollo by mapping the surface of the moon from space. One byproduct of this is a remarkable series of photos, such as this image, from Lunar Orbiter I, which are the first pictures of the Earth taken from beyond the moon.
(Image credit: UCL Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences)
An early lunar probe's first glimpse of Earth and Soviet snapshots of the surface of Venus are among a treasure trove of historic Space Age images newly brought to life online.
University College London recently pulled the series of hard-copy photos from their historic archive of space images. Many of the pictures arrived at UCL in the early days of space exploration, before NASA and other agencies used the Internet to share their data.
This image shows Section 10 of the 1910 map of the moon publication by Walter Goodacre. Goodacre’s map of the moon is astonishingly detailed, and gives a glimpse back into the days when astronomy was not done with computers, spectrometers and CCD chips, but with human eyes, pens, paper, and the occasional piece of photographic film.
(Image credit: UCL Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences)
For some of the pictures, UCL's digital release marks the first time they are publicly available over the Internet, such as a detailed map of the moon made by an amateur British astronomer in the early 20th century. [See more photos from the Historic Space Archive]
The moon map was created by Walter Goodacre, who was president of the Lunar section of the British Astronomical Association. It was broken up into sections to be published in book form in 1910. UCL researchers stitched the plates back together into a single map of the moon, which is amazingly detailed considering it dates back to a time when observations were conducted without today's powerful telescopes.
The archive also holds images from NASA's Voyager spacecraft, which provided the first detailed pictures of objects in the outer solar system, including the moons of Jupiter. The images these missions beamed back to Earth in the late 1970s had to be stitched together by hand. Working mosaics of the moons Io and Ganymede full of handwritten notes are now online.
This image shows Jupiter moon Io taken by Voyager 1 in 1979. Voyager probes 1 and 2 visited the Jovian system in 1979, before taking different paths through the outer reaches of the Solar System, studying the giant planet as well as making numerous images of its moons. The relatively narrow field of view, combined with the Voyager probes' close flybys meant that the photos had to be stitched together, which in the days before powerful computer graphics software meant printing them out and sticking them together by hand, like a giant jigsaw puzzle, interspersed with hand-written notes and computer printouts of technical information relating to the photographs.
(Image credit: UCL Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences)
Before NASA astronaut William Anders took the iconic Earthrise photo during the Apollo 8 mission, an unmanned lunar probe snapped a black-and-white series looking back at our planet from the moon. The Lunar Orbiter missions of 1966 and 1967 mapped the surface of the moon from space to aid preparations for the Apollo missions. UCL has copies of the pictures from Lunar Orbiter I, the first photos of our planet captured from beyond the moon.
UCL's collection additionally includes Soviet images of Venus, showing the planet's rocky surface of Venus. The Venus surface is shrouded in dense clouds making it difficult for scientists to take direct photos of the hot planet without using radar. NASA never sent a probe to land on Venus, but the Soviets did through the Venera program.
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This is an image of Venus from Soviet Venera program probe Venera 13 taken in 1982. The Cyrillic text below the pictures reads: "Venera 13 brabotka IPPI AN SSSR TsDKS,"short for "Venera 13, Processing, Institute for Problems in Transmitting Information, Academy of Sciences, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Centre for Long-Distance Space Communications."
(Image credit: UCL Faculty of Mathematical and Physical Sciences)
The photos were published as part of the Festival of the Planets, a series of public events being held throughout London in conjunction with the European Planetary Science Congress 2013, which runs from Sept. 8 to 13.
Megan has been writing for Live Science and Space.com since 2012. Her interests range from archaeology to space exploration, and she has a bachelor's degree in English and art history from New York University. Megan spent two years as a reporter on the national desk at NewsCore. She has watched dinosaur auctions, witnessed rocket launches, licked ancient pottery sherds in Cyprus and flown in zero gravity. Follow her on Twitter and Google+.
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