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European colonization of the Americas brought smallpox, starvation and warfare that decimated indigenous populations.
But the canine companions that crossed the Bering Strait with the ancient people who first settled the Americas have fared better, according to new research, published today (July 9) in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
A new genetic analysis of hundreds of American dog breeds reveals that the canines' ancient roots trace back to Asia. On average, less than 30 percent of their DNA comes from Europe, suggesting dogs came to the Americas with the ancient humans who established pre-Columbian civilizations.
The study also found that the Chihuahua really does come from an ancient lineage of dogs in Mexico. [The 10 Most Popular Dog Breeds]
Ancient companions
Dogs were first domesticated in Asia about 30,000 years ago. And fossil evidence for domesticated dogs in America dates to nearly 10,000 years ago. Most researchers believe the first American settlers brought canines with them across the Bering Strait.
In the 16th century, European colonizers came to the Americas and nearly wiped out the native people. With the conquerors came their own dog breeds.
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"Many populations were wiped out and the culture disappeared with them, so there was nobody to take care of the dogs," said study co-author Peter Savolainen, an evolutionary geneticist at the Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden.
As a result, many researchers believed that most American dog breeds had predominantly European origins.
A few studies suggested that American dog breeds had indigenous roots, but they didn't have enough genetic data to say for sure.
Asian roots
To trace the roots of American dogs, Savolainen and his colleagues collected cheek swabs from 347 kennel club purebred dogs from the Americas. That sample included Alaskan malamutes, Chihuahuas, Peruvian hairless dogs and several signature American breeds. They then compared that DNA with 1,872 samples from dogs in Asia, Europe and Africa. They also tested 19 free-roaming strays from the Carolinas as well as a few other free-roaming dog breeds from South America.
Most of the American dogs had ancestry tracing back to Asia, with only 30 percent of their ancestry from Europe. That suggests their ancestors arrived in the Americas in one of the migration waves across the Bering Strait.
In particular, the Chihuahua samples matched DNA samples previously published from pre-Columbian Mexican fossil dogs, confirming that the diminutive breed has a Mexican origin.
The Carolina dogs carried genetic markers that come from Asia, not Europe.
"Most people thought they were just runaway European dogs," Savolainen told LiveScience.
The findings support prior studies which found that Greenland Inuit dogs didn't have much European DNA, Sarah Brown, a researcher at the University of California at Davis, who was not involved in the study, wrote in an email.
"It is nice to see that another paper, using modern dogs, supports our findings based on both ancient DNA and modern DNA," Brown said.
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Tia is the editor-in-chief (premium) and was formerly managing editor and senior writer for Live Science. Her work has appeared in Scientific American, Wired.com, Science News and other outlets. She holds a master's degree in bioengineering from the University of Washington, a graduate certificate in science writing from UC Santa Cruz and a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin. Tia was part of a team at the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel that published the Empty Cradles series on preterm births, which won multiple awards, including the 2012 Casey Medal for Meritorious Journalism.