18,000 years ago, ice age humans built dwellings out of mammoth bones in Ukraine

Around 18,000 years ago, ice age people in what is now Ukraine likely weathered the extremely harsh climate by building parts of their shelters out of mammoth bones, a new study finds.

The mammoth dwellings show how communities thrived in extreme environments, turning the remnants of giant animals into protective architecture," the archaeologists wrote in a statement.

The bones were originally found near the village of Mezhyrich, about 70 miles (110 kilometers) southeast of Kyiv. When it was excavated between 1966 and 1974, the archaeological team at the time found the mammoth remains arranged in such a way that suggested they had been used to make houses sometime during the ice age. While this interpretation has found much support among archaeologists, questions still remain about exactly when these bone dwellings were used and for how long. Earlier dates from the site gave a broad range from roughly 19,000 to 12,000 years ago, the team noted in their paper.

To investigate these questions, archaeologists re-examined the site to try and get a better idea of when it was built and how long it stayed in use. They dated the remains of about a dozen small animals found near the mammoth dwellings to try and get a more precise chronology.

The largest structure at Mezhyrich dates to 18,323 to 17,839 years ago, the team reported in the study, published on Nov. 21 on the publishing platform Open Research Europe. These dates are just after the Last Glacial Maximum (26,500 to 19,000 years ago), the coldest part of the last ice age. The researchers noted that the dwelling may have been used for up to 429 years. This indicates that the "shelters were practical solutions for survival rather than permanent settlements," they wrote in the statement.

The foundation of the shelters may have had "mammoth skulls and large long bones, set vertically into the ground [which] formed a kind of plinth or 'foundation,'" study co-author Pavlo Shydlovskyi, an archaeology professor at the Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, told Live Science in an email.

A wooden framework may have covered parts of the shelter, along with hides from smaller animals or possibly birch bark. In addition, "tusks and large flat bones were placed on the upper part of the structure [the roof] functioning as weights and wind protection," Shydlovskyi said.

Five to seven people likely lived within each shelter, Shydlovskyi said. A variety of activities such as flint knapping, animal skin processing and small animal butchering were likely done inside.

Francois Djindjian, an honorary professor at the University of Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne has done research on other possible mammoth bone shelters but was not involved in the new paper. He was cautious about the team's dates, and said that he thought that more dates were needed from more of the site. Getting more radiocarbon dates from across the site would give a better idea of when it was used.

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