The fossilized skeleton of a Jurassic reptile that appears to be part lizard, part snake, has been unearthed on Scotland's Isle of Skye.
This mysterious lizard had hooked, snake-like teeth for hunting down prey 167 million years ago, a new study has found.
B. elgolensis was only about 16 inches (41 centimeters) long, but that still made it one of the largest lizards in its ecosystem, according to a statement released by the researchers. Scientists suspect that it hunted smaller lizards, early mammals and even young dinosaurs, such as small herbivorous heterodontosaurids and predatory bird-like paravians.
It had a snake-like jaw and curved teeth similar to a modern python, but its body was short, with fully formed limbs like a lizard. B. elgolensis also had gecko-like features on some of its bones, including the back of its skull. Researchers are still deciphering B. elgolensis' evolutionary history, but its discovery could change the way they look at early snake evolution.
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Scientists currently have a scattered understanding of early lizard and snake evolution. Both animals belong to a group called Squamata, which emerged about 190 million years ago. There's some overlap between members of the group, but lizards came first and generally have four limbs, while snakes are limbless.
"The Jurassic fossil deposits on the Isle of Skye are of world importance for our understanding of the early evolution of many living groups, including lizards, which were beginning their diversification at around this time," study co-lead author Susan Evans, a professor of vertebrate morphology and paleontology at the University College London, said in the statement.
Study co-author Stig Walsh, a senior curator of vertebrate paleobiology at the National Museums Scotland, first uncovered the B. elgolensis fossil in 2015. The team has since spent nearly a decade preparing and studying the specimen, which has included subjecting it to high-powered X-rays and detailed computed tomography (CT) imaging scans.
The researchers determined that B. elgolensis belonged to a Squamata sub-group called Parviraptoridae, which was previously only known from fragments of other fossils. While snake-like bones had been found in close proximity to gecko-like bones, some scientists had assumed they came from two separate animals. The new fossil confirms that one species did indeed have both features, according to the statement.
"I first described parviraptorids some 30 years ago based on more fragmentary material, so it's a bit like finding the top of the jigsaw box many years after you puzzled out the original picture from a handful of pieces," Evans said. "The mosaic of primitive and specialized features we find in parviraptorids, as demonstrated by this new specimen, is an important reminder that evolutionary paths can be unpredictable."
The researchers still aren't sure whether snakes evolved from species like B. elgolensis or whether snakes independently evolved similar mouth parts. It's also possible that B. elgolensis is a stem lineage within Squamata, helping to give rise to all lizards and snakes.
"This fossil gets us quite far, but it doesn't get us all of the way," study lead author Roger Benson, the Macaulay Curator at the American Museum of Natural History's Division of Paleontology, said in the statement. "However, it makes us even more excited about the possibility of figuring out where snakes come from."
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