Frozen in time: 10 prehistoric animals found trapped in ice

The remains of a mummified baby mammoth being pulled from storage by a group of researchers
The frozen body of a baby mammoth found in permafrost found in the Yamal Peninsula, Serbia, in 2012. (Image credit: South China Morning Post Via Getty Images)

Long-extinct animals in superbly preserved time capsules are being unearthed in permafrost from across the planet — from Canada’s Yukon territory to Antarctica — enabling scientists a glimpse into the past. These frozen, prehistoric animals are often found in stunning condition and are now famous around the world.

1.  Woolly rhino baby

Preserved body of Sasha the woolly rhino. (Image credit: Yakutian Academy of Sciences)

This 10,000-year-old woolly rhino (Coelodonta antiquitatis) baby, nicknamed Sasha by the man who found it, was the first young member of its species ever discovered. Researchers aren’t sure if it is male or female, but the horn size suggests it had been weaned by the time it died. It roamed the mammoth steppe — a dry, cold region from modern-day Spain to Siberia. 

2. Cave lion cub

The two mummified cave lion cubs were found with their fur, teeth, skin, organs and whiskers intact. (Image credit: Love Dalen)

Scientists unearthed this squashed, mummified cat in eastern Siberia in 2017. The specimen is a female cave lion (Panthera spelaea) cub, which scientists named Sparta. This prehistoric animal likely died suddenly, possibly during a mudslide. Sparta is one the best-preserved ice age animals ever found — even her whiskers can still be seen. 

3. Mammoth calves

Lyuba, one of the perfectly preserved frozen baby mammoths.  (Image credit: University of Michigan Museum of Paleontology)


In 2007, explorers unearthed two mammoth calves, which they nicknamed Lyuba and Khroma, dating to about 40,000 years ago in two different areas of Siberia. Researchers took a closer look at the animals using CT scans and discovered that both baby mammoths had choked on mud after falling into water. The little mammoths appeared otherwise plump and healthy when they died — Khromaeven had a stomach full of undigested breast milk that looked like yogurt.

 4. Ancient bison

The almost perfectly preserved bison mummy was found on the shore of a lake in northern Siberia. (Image credit: Dr. Gennady Boeskorov)

Some of the most complete steppe bison (Bison priscus) remains ever found are 9,000 years old. The preserved animal, unearthed in northern Siberia in 2011, has a complete heart, brain and digestive system. Some of its organs have shrunk over time, but its blood vessels are in near-perfect condition. 

This is not the only steppe bison, which went extinct around 10,000 years ago, that’s been found frozen in time. In 2022, researchers in Russia completed a necropsy on an 8,000-year-old steppe bison that is so well preserved some scientists believe it could be cloned using intact chromosomes extracted from the bison's skin, muscle and wool.

5. Frozen foal 

Frozen in ice for millennia, this Siberian mummy is the best-preserved ancient horse ever found. (Image credit: Michil Yakovlev/SVFU/The Siberian Times)

A 2-month-old horse that died between 30,000 and 40,000 years ago was discovered around 330 feet (100 meters) below the surface in a Siberian crater in 2018. In life, the young horse stood almost 3 feet (1 m) tall, and its remains were kept so pristine by ice that its hooves, skin and tail are still intact, along with tiny hairs that are still visible inside the foal's nostrils. 

6. Prehistoric bear 

Image of a person's hand holding the mummified bear's face to expose its teeth

The adult bear mummy still has a nose. (Image credit: North-Eastern Federal University)

In 2020, reindeer herders discovered the remains of a mummified bear  in Siberian permafrost. Initially, researchers believed the remains belonged to a cave bear (Ursus spelaeus), which went extinct about 22,000 years ago, but further analysis in 2022 revealed the mummified animal is actually the 3,460-year-old remains of a female brown bear (Ursus arctos) that was likely 2 to 3 years old when she died. 

 7. Mummified mammoth 

The mud-covered remains of a 4.5 foot long baby mammoth laid on top of a blue plastic sheet.

The 4.5 foot long baby mammoth was just one month old at the time of death. (Image credit: Dan Shugar/University of Calgary)

In 2022, gold miners excavated a 30,000-year-old baby woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) from Canadian permafrost. The 4.5 feet-long (1.4 m) remains belong to  a female calf and are so well-preserved,  the prehistoric animal's hair and skin are still intact. The mammoth, named Nun Cho Ga, is believed to be the most complete mummified mammoth found in North America. 

8. Prehistoric penguin colony 

A pale body of a mummified penguin chick placed on a rocky patch in Antarctica.

A mummified Adélie penguin chick's head in Antarctica. (Image credit: Steve Emslie)

In 2016,  in Cape Irizar — a rocky headland in Antarctica — scientists unearthed all the telltale signs of a freshly abandoned Adélie penguin colony — including dead penguins, bones and guano-stained pebbles. But researchers were puzzled, because Adélies (Pygoscelis adeliae) hadn’t been seen in the area for hundreds of years. It turns out that a period of melting on the frozen continent revealed the mummified remains, along with bones and eggshells, and  are thought to be between 800 and 5,000 years old. 

9. Hibernating squirrel 

The ball of copper-colored fur with a pair of tiny claws being held in a researcher's hands.

This lump of fur and claws is actually a balled-up mummified squirrel. (Image credit: Government of Yukon)

At first glance, this ball of fur and claws might not seem like much. However, X-ray scans revealed it to be a mummified squirrel that had curled up for hibernation 30,000 years ago. The well-preserved ancient animal is an Arctic ground squirrel (Urocitellus parryii), and the species still exists today and lives in the area where the mummified specimen was found, in Canada's Yukon territory. 

10. Preserved wolf pup 

The remains of the a wolf pup preserved in permafrostbeing held in a black bucket by a gold miner

An ancient wolf pup was found perfectly preserved in permafrost in Yukon, Canada. (Image credit: Government of Yukon)

In 2016, Canadian gold miners discovered a female wolf pup specimen that has been preserved in permafrost for 57,000 years. X-ray analysis revealed that the gray wolf (Canis lupus) pup, now named Zhùr, was only 7 weeks old when she died. Researchers hypothesized that her den may have collapsed, killing the pup and helping keep the body preserved. 

This article was adapted from a previous version published in How It Works magazine, a Future Ltd. publication. To learn more about the wonders of the natural world, subscribe to How It Works magazine.

Amy Grisdale
Contributor

Amy Grisdale is a freelance writer and wildlife guide based on the south coast of the U.K., who has written for publications such as World of Animals, How It Works, History of War and Gadget magazine. Amy has an enormous breadth of experience on animal conservation projects. She has a degree in Marine Biology and Animal Behaviour from Anglia Ruskin University and specialises in writing about environmental topics.

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