Fast radio burst traced to the outskirts of an ancient 'graveyard' galaxy — and the cause remains a mystery

Our universe has plenty of stellar graveyards — dead galaxies littered with the burnt corpses of once-brilliant stars. But one of these ancient galaxies appears to be crawling back out of the grave.

New research has found a dead galaxy beaming mysterious flashes of light — a behavior that should be buried well into its past. The two new studies describing the shocking discovery were published Jan. 21 in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.

According to the researchers, the perplexing flash is a type of cosmic eruption known as a fast radio burst (FRB) — fleeting flares of radio light that can outshine an entire galaxy for a couple of milliseconds before disappearing entirely. Some are one-off bursts, while others repeat at regular intervals. FRBs are thought to accompany supernova explosions, which announce the deaths of high-mass stars. So they're more likely to occur where stars form — in young, lively galaxies with enough gas and dust to fuel stellar births.

"Of the thousands of FRBs discovered to date, only about a hundred have been pinpointed to their host galaxies," Tarraneh Eftekhari, a co-author of both new studies and an astronomer at Northwestern University, told Live Science. "And those galaxies tend to have a lot of star formation, which means more stars are going supernova."

But then, Eftekhari and her colleagues zeroed in on a new repeating burst, combining 22 signals detected between February and November 2024 by the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME), a radio telescope array in British Columbia. The results trace the bursts back to an unexpected culprit: the outskirts of an 11 billion-year-old dead galaxy that should have retired from star formation long ago. But that doesn't necessarily mean it's sparking back to life.

"This observation from a very dead galaxy tells us that there needs to be some other way for an FRB to be produced," Eftekhari said. "This discovery goes against the nicer picture we've had of FRBs so far."

A cosmic "outlier"

According to study co-author Vishwangi Shah, an astronomer at McGill University, FRBs also tend to occur near the centers of galaxies, making this burst from the galaxy's edge even more peculiar. "All of these surprises combined make this FRB an outlier among the larger population," Shah told Live Science.

The team has some ideas of what might be behind the burst. One possibility is that two old stars may have collided. The other is that a white dwarf — the shriveled remains of a dead star — may have collapsed on itself. Either way, the new discovery leaves much to be investigated about the nature of FRBs.

Within the coming months, more of CHIME's telescope array will come online, with the goal of adding hundreds of additional bursts to the FRB inventory, Eftekhari said. "We'll be able to zoom in on the environments of tons more of these events and trace them back to different types of galaxies," she added.