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Massive methane leaks mapped from space
Most of the released methane comes from oil and gas production.
Using satellite data, researchers have mapped massive plumes of methane released by human activities.
Those satellite images revealed that plumes of methane emitted by oil and gas facilities during leaks or maintenance operations made up about 8% to 12% of all oil and gas methane emissions, according to a new study.
"This work confirms what we have only glimpsed in previous studies of individual facilities and regions: that intermittent, large releases of methane from oil and gas operations are common globally and are mostly unreported," study co-author Riley Duren, a research scientist at the University of Arizona and CEO of Carbon Mapper, a nonprofit that works to monitor and reduce methane and carbon dioxide emissions, said in a statement.
"In this critical decade for climate action, this underscores the urgent need for persistent global observing systems that can detect, pinpoint and quantify methane emissions at scales relevant to decision making," Duren said.
Related: Landsat satellites: 12 amazing images of Earth from space
Methane is the second-most-common greenhouse gas emitted into Earth's atmosphere behind carbon dioxide, and more damaging for the climate than carbon dioxide in the short-term. A ton of methane released into the atmosphere traps about 80 times more heat than a ton of carbon dioxide over a 20 year period, according to the MIT Climate Portal.
To measure the methane released by human activities around the world between 2019 and 2020, researchers studied atmospheric methane images produced by the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument aboard the European Space Agency's Sentinel-5P satellite, which measures methane in the atmosphere daily.
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The researchers found that about 1,200 (around two-thirds) of the visible "ultra-emitters" — sources producing more than 27.5 tons (25 metric tons) of methane per hour — came from oil and gas production, while the remaining one-third was split among coal, agriculture and waste management, according to the study.
Top left: A global map of the 1,200 oil and gas methane plumes detected during the study. Bottom left: Gas pipelines in Russia and Central Asia. Bottom right: An example of a methane plume detected over northern Africa.
Methane released during oil and gas production is likely a result of expected maintenance activities and unexpected malfunctioning equipment or leaks. Turkmenistan had the highest estimated methane emissions during the study period, followed by Russia, the U.S., Iran, Kazakhstan and Algeria. However, the researchers couldn't measure methane plumes in areas such as the U.S. Permian Basin or where oil is produced in Canada and China because the overall emissions in these regions were too high to make out individual ultra-emitters, The New York Times reported.
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Preventing these methane plumes, either by enforcing leak detection or by reducing methane released during maintenance, would be the equivalent of removing 20 million vehicles from the road for a year, according to the study.
The findings were published Feb. 3 in the journal Science.
Originally published on Live Science.
Patrick Pester is the trending news writer at Live Science. His work has appeared on other science websites, such as BBC Science Focus and Scientific American. Patrick retrained as a journalist after spending his early career working in zoos and wildlife conservation. He was awarded the Master's Excellence Scholarship to study at Cardiff University where he completed a master's degree in international journalism. He also has a second master's degree in biodiversity, evolution and conservation in action from Middlesex University London. When he isn't writing news, Patrick investigates the sale of human remains.