Astronomers using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have zoomed in on the faint and dusty rings around Uranus — and they are magnificent.
Located near the frigid edge of the solar system an average of 1.8 billion miles (2.9 billion kilometers) from the sun, Uranus is not often thought of as a ringed world, mainly because the icy planet is far too distant and faint to be seen from Earth with the naked eye. The same is doubly true for Uranus' 13 rings of ice and dust — most of which are so faint that astronomers couldn't confirm their existence until the Voyager 2 spacecraft made a close flyby of the planet in 1986, according to NASA.
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Even through the powerful lens of the JWST — which is already famous for peering across the cosmos into the oldest galaxies and black holes in the universe — only 11 of Uranus' 13 known rings are visible. The planet's two outermost rings are so faint that they were only discovered by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2007, when the planet tilted in such a way relative to Earth that all its rings overlapped, according to NASA. It'll be another few decades before astronomers get another view like that; Uranus is the only planet that rotates on its side, rolling around the sun like a ball once every 84 years. That means Earth only gets to see the rare, edge-on view of Uranus' rings once every 42 years.
Uranus' unique orbit also means that its north pole — seen in this image as a bright region on the planet's right side — experiences many years of direct sunlight, followed by just as many years of total darkness. It's currently spring for Uranus' north pole, with summer scheduled to begin in 2028; meanwhile, the planet's south pole is angled off toward the darkness of space, totally invisible to Earth.
Last September, astronomers turned the JWST toward Neptune — Uranus' neighbor, and the most distant planet from the sun — to reveal that it too is surrounded by shimmering rings that are far too faint to see with the naked eye.
While they may look sheer and solid in telescope images like these, planetary rings are actually made of billions of fragments of icy rocks, some as large as boulders and others as tiny as dust motes. Scientists aren't sure how planetary rings form, but the process likely began around the same time as the solar system's formation, when our cosmic neighborhood was a chaotic collective of rocky chunks, according to the University of Colorado at Boulder.
