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Archaeologists diving into the Mediterranean sea by Israel have discovered a bronze coin on the seafloor dating to one of the Roman Empire's most peaceful eras. On one side, the coin depicts Luna (Selene in Greek), the Roman goddess of the moon, with a crab, the astrological sign of cancer, beneath her.
The team spotted the roughly 1,850-year-old bronze coin while exploring off the coast of Haifa in northern Israel.
"This is the first time such a coin has been discovered off Israel's coast," Jacob Sharvit, director of the Israel Antiquities Authority's (IAA) Maritime Archaeology Unit, said in a statement.
The newfound coin shows the image of Luna, an ancient goddess of the moon. Below Luna you can see a sign of cancer luck. (Image credit: Photo: Dafna Gazit, Israel Antiquities Authority )
The profile of Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius (ruled A.D. 138 to 161). (Image credit: Photo: Dafna Gazit, Israel Antiquities Authority)
The coin depicts the image of Luna, the goddess of the moon. Below it appears the cancer zodiac sign (hand for scale).(Image credit: Photo: Yaniv Berman, Israel Antiquities Authority )
The coin was minted during the reign of Emperor Antoninus Pius, between A.D. 138 and 161. Antoninus Pius ruled after Emperor Hadrian, who tried to stamp out the Jews and Romanize the people in the province of Judaea, according to Britannica. For instance, Hadrian sold Jewish prisoners into slavery, forbade the teaching of the Torah and gave province Judea a new name: Syria Palaestina, Britannica reported. Conditions improved for the Jewish people under Antoninus Pius, according to The Jerusalem Post, which reported that it took Antoninus Pius only about a year to repeal the edicts that were targeting the Jews.
In general, Antoninus Pius is known as one of the last emperors to reign during Pax Romana, an era of relative peace in Rome between 27 B.C. and A.D. 180. Rather than using military force to solve issues, Antoninus Pius was known to delegate regional differences through local governors, according to the statement.
The crab-bearing coin belongs to a set of 13 coins that depict astrological signs. Twelve depict one astrological sign each, while the 13th depicts the entire zodiac, Lior Sandberg, a coin expert at the IAA, told The Times of Israel.
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"Israel's Mediterranean shores and waters have yielded many archaeological sites and finds that attest to connections in antiquity between Mediterranean ports and the countries along it," Sharvit said in the statement.
Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius is viewed as a largely peaceful emperor.
(Image credit: Photo: Dafna Gazit, Israel Antiquities Authority)
The coin itself has turned partly green over the centuries; bronze is made from tin and copper, and when copper is exposed to oxygen and water, it forms an oxide layer, Live Science previously reported. This layer becomes thicker with time, until the copper beneath the layer is no longer exposed to the air and can't react to it anymore.
"As the oxide film matures and grows more color, it will begin to [change], ranging from yellow-reds, blues and to a greenish color," Paul Frail, an advanced senior engineer in corrosion treatments with Suez Water Technologies & Solutions in Pennsylvania, previously told Live Science.
"These finds, which were lost at sea and disappeared from sight for hundreds and thousands of years, have been remarkably well preserved," Sharvit said. "Some are extremely rare and their discovery completes parts of the historical puzzle of the country's past."
JoAnna Wendel is a freelance science writer living in Portland, Oregon. She mainly covers Earth and planetary science but also loves the ocean, invertebrates, lichen and moss. JoAnna's work has appeared in Eos, Smithsonian Magazine, Knowable Magazine, Popular Science and more. JoAnna is also a science cartoonist and has published comics with Gizmodo, NASA, Science News for Studentsand more. She graduated from the University of Oregon with a degree in general sciences because she couldn't decide on her favorite area of science. In her spare time, JoAnna likes to hike, read, paint, do crossword puzzles and hang out with her cat, Pancake.
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