Most Important Meal? Heart Risks Linked to Skipping Breakfast
Skipping breakfast on a regular basis may be harmful to your heart, a new study from Spain suggests.
In the study, middle-age men and women who regularly skipped breakfast or grabbed just coffee or juice had double the risk of developing atherosclerosis as people who consumed healthier morning meals. (Atherosclerosis, or the hardening and narrowing of the arteries, can increase a person's risk of heart disease.)
Skipping breakfast is strongly linked with other unhealthy dietary and lifestyle habits, such as smoking and excessive alcohol intake, which could themselves increase a person's risk for atherosclerosis, said study co-author Jose Penalvo, an assistant professor at the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts University in Boston. [5 Surprising Ways to Be Heart Healthy]
But the findings held true even after the researchers factored in the overall quality of people's diets as well as their other risk factors for heart disease, such as smoking, high cholesterol and not exercising, according to the study. The research was published online today (Oct. 2) in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology.
On the other hand, a higher caloric intake in the morning (in other words, eating breakfast) could result in better blood sugar control throughout the day and could also help curb hunger and regulate appetite, all of which help prevent overeating, Penalvo told Live Science.
This isn't the first study to suggest a link between skipping breakfast and an increased risk of heart disease. But in this new analysis, the researchers looked at three different types of breakfast eaters: people who skipped breakfast, people who ate small breakfasts and people who ate large breakfasts. The researchers also measured the levels of plaques in the participants' arteries and gathered information about their lifestyle habits and risk factors for heart disease.
Breakfast and heart health
In the study, the researchers gathered data from about 4,000 adults in Spain, ages 40 to 54, who had no previous history of heart disease.
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As a part of the study, the participants provided the researchers with information about their usual eating habits, including an estimate of how many calories the people ate in a single day. Using this information, the researchers identified three breakfast-eating patterns within the group.
The first group consisted of people who skipped breakfast entirely or ate less than 5 percent of their day's calories at this meal. They typically had nothing to eat for breakfast or drank coffee or orange juice, according to the findings. Three percent of the participants fell into this category.
In the second eating pattern, which researchers called "low-energy breakfast," people ate between 5 and 20 percent of their day's calories in their morning meals. About 70 percent of participants fell into this category, and they usually started their days with coffee; juice; and fruit, toast or pastries.
The third eating pattern was described as a "high-energy breakfast," in which the meal contributed more than 20 percent of a person's calories for the day. Twenty-seven percent of the study participants landed in this category, and their morning meals typically included foods such as toast, fresh fruit, ham, cereal, tomato or pastries, along with coffee and juice. [5 Ideas for a Healthy Breakfast]
The study found that middle-age people who skipped breakfast or ate very little had 1.5 times more plaque in their arteries, compared with high-energy breakfast eaters. Breakfast skippers were also more likely to be overweight or obese and had a worse overall diet than those who consumed more food in the morning.
Consumers of low-energy breakfasts also had an increased risk of atherosclerosis, but their risk was much less than that of breakfast skippers, Penalvo said. Some participants in the low-energy group, the ones who only had only coffee, toast or a pastry to begin their day rather than those in the same group who ate a bit more for breakfast, had more plaques than people who had a high-energy morning meal, the study found.
A report from the American Heart Association released in January suggested that consuming a greater percentage of calories earlier in the day may benefit heart health, Penalvo said. This new study provides more evidence to support that recommendation; however, the nutritional quality of the foods selected matters both at breakfast and at other meals throughout the day, he said.
For a high-energy breakfast consistent with the guidelines used in the study, Penalvo suggested a vegetable omelet and whole-grain toast, or a bowl of whole-grain cereal with fresh fruit or nuts, as well as coffee and juice.
The study had several limitations. For example, only small percentage of the participants were breakfast skippers. In addition, many of the breakfast skippers were overweight or obese and were also more likely to report that they were dieting, so it's possible that they could have been skipping breakfast in order to lose weight, the study authors wrote.
Originally published on Live Science.
Cari Nierenberg has been writing about health and wellness topics for online news outlets and print publications for more than two decades. Her work has been published by Live Science, The Washington Post, WebMD, Scientific American, among others. She has a Bachelor of Science degree in nutrition from Cornell University and a Master of Science degree in Nutrition and Communication from Boston University.