'Lost' Memories Restored in Mice

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In a feat that calls to mind the memory-tweaking technology in the film "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind," a team of researchers restored "lost memories" in the brains of mice.

The mice in the study were given a drug that prevented them from consolidating a fearful memory. But when neurons involved in encoding the memory were stimulated with pulses of light, the animals were able to retrieve the forgotten recollection.

If the findings are confirmed in humans, the knowledge could benefit people who suffer from retrograde amnesia, an inability to recall memories that were made before the amnesia, which is common in traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease and other brain disorders.

Scientists have long debated whether retrograde amnesia results from damage to the neurons that store memories, or from a blockage of access to those memories. The majority of researchers support the storage problem theory, but this is "probably wrong," Tonegawa said.

When a memory is being formed, scientists think a population of neurons is activated and undergoes lasting physical or chemical changes. This collection of neurons is known as memory engram cells, and they can be triggered by a specific sight or smell, for instance.

In 2012, Tonegawa and his colleagues showed that a population of these engram cells exists in a brain region called the hippocampus, which is known to be involved in converting information from short-term to long-term memory. But, it wasn't clear if these groups of neurons undergo the chemical changes linked to memory consolidation.

In the new study, Tonegawa's team pinpointed a group of engram cells in the hippocampus of mice, using a technology called optogenetics. The technique involves injecting a virus into neurons that causes them to produce a light-sensitive protein, which makes the cells activate in response to light.

In the experiment, mice were trained to fear an electric shock, and some animals were given Anisomysin to block the fear memory. When these mice's memory cells were activated using light, they showed less fearful freezing behavior than the untreated mice. (Image credit: Dheeraj Roy, Tomás Ryan)

The researchers put mice in a chamber where they received a mild electric shock, and the animals quickly learned to associate the shock with the chamber. When the mice were returned to the same chamber a day later, they would freeze in fear.

After the training, the scientists gave some of the mice a chemical called anisomycin, which inhibits memory consolidation. When the mice were placed in the chamber again, they no longer froze in place, suggesting the memory of the painful shock had not been consolidated.

However, when the researchers used pulses of light to activate the neurons that encoded the electric shock memory, the mice would "remember" their fear, and freeze again when placed in the chamber.

The findings suggest that in the mice that received the memory-blocking drug, the fearful memory was not really "lost," but rather access to the memory was simply blocked, the researchers said.

"These findings are probably applicable to certain conditions of human amnesia, such as an early stage of some Alzheimer's patients," Tonegawa said.

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Tanya Lewis
Tanya Lewis
Staff Writer
Tanya was a staff writer for Live Science from 2013 to 2015, covering a wide array of topics, ranging from neuroscience to robotics to strange/cute animals. She received a graduate certificate in science communication from the University of California, Santa Cruz, and a bachelor of science in biomedical engineering from Brown University. She has previously written for Science News, Wired, The Santa Cruz Sentinel, the radio show Big Picture Science and other places. Tanya has lived on a tropical island, witnessed volcanic eruptions and flown in zero gravity (without losing her lunch!). To find out what her latest project is, you can visit her website.