Missing Xenon Gas Found in Earth's Core

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An illustration of Earth's layers, including the crust, mantle and core.
The xenon gas missing from Earth's atmosphere might have been found. Scientists say it is stuck in Earth's core, where the noble gas is bound with other atoms. (Image credit: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)

Updated Tues., April 22 at 1:34 p.m. ET.

Mysteriously, most of the gas xenon that scientists expected to find in Earth's atmosphere is missing. Now, researchers say they might have the answer to this puzzle: This noble gas, which usually does not bond with other atoms, may chemically react with iron and nickel in Earth's core, where it's held.

Strangely, atmospheric levels of xenon are more than 90 percent less than scientists would have predicted based on levels of other noble gases such as argon and krypton. [8 Chemical Elements You've Never Heard Of]

"The missing xenon paradox is a long-standing question," said study author Yanming Ma, a computational physicist and chemist at Jilin University in Changchun, China.

Although some researchers have suggested this xenon may have escaped from the atmosphere into space, the majority of scientists think it is hidden in the Earth's interior. However, investigators have long failed to find a way in which Earth might incorporate this gas into chemically stable compounds — For instance, there is no known way for ice or sediments to realistically capture xenon on Earth, meaning it should just escape into the atmosphere.

Past research had suggested Earth's core might hold xenon. However, "all the previous attempts to implicate the capture of xenon in the Earth's core have failed," Ma said.

Earth's core, which contains about one-third of the planet's mass, is made of iron and nickel. In 1997, scientists reported experiments that suggested xenon would not react with iron.

"Through a careful analysis of their work, however, we found that the experiment was carried out only up to 150 gigapascals, a pressure far from the Earth's inner-core pressure of 360 gigapascals," Ma said. (In comparison, 1 gigapascal is more than nine times greater than the pressure at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the deepest part of the ocean.)

This past research also theoretically extrapolated what might happen if xenon were trapped at the high pressures found in Earth's inner core, and concluded that xenon would not bond with iron. However, those prior studies assumed xenon would form a so-called "hexagonal close-packed lattice" — essentially, a lattice of atoms resembling a solid whose bottom and top faces are hexagons and whose side faces are rectangles. This assumption was made because iron atoms normally form this kind of structure with other iron atoms.

However, Ma and his colleagues reasoned that, if the structures of iron-xenon compounds are different, they could form a compound. Their calculations now suggest that at the extreme temperatures and pressures found in Earth's core, xenon can bond with both iron and nickel. The most stable of these molecules are ones with one xenon atom and three iron atoms — XeFe3 — or one xenon atom and three nickel atoms — XeNi3. XeFe3 forms cubic lattices, while XeNi3 forms lattices whose top and bottom faces are hexagons and whose side faces are triangles.

These findings suggest Earth's core may hold all of the missing xenon. "We do hope future high-pressure experiments can be carried out to confirm our predictions," Ma said. Such high pressures could be achieved by squeezing objects between diamonds.

However, for those high-pressure experiments, "a high temperature of more than 6,000 Kelvin (10,340 degrees Fahrenheit or 5,727 degrees Celsius) must be applied. Such a high temperature, if not properly controlled, can easily lead to the breaking of the diamonds used for pressure generation. This might be the major obstacle for the experiment."

It remains uncertain what effects, if any, these xenon compounds might have had on the evolution of Earth's core. "This needs to be more deeply analyzed," Ma said.

The scientists detailed their findings online April 20 in the journal Nature Chemistry.

Editor's Note: This article was updated to fix some odd wording that occurred during the editing process.

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Charles Q. Choi
Charles Q. Choi
Live Science Contributor
Charles Q. Choi is a contributing writer for Live Science and Space.com. He covers all things human origins and astronomy as well as physics, animals and general science topics. Charles has a Master of Arts degree from the University of Missouri-Columbia, School of Journalism and a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of South Florida. Charles has visited every continent on Earth, drinking rancid yak butter tea in Lhasa, snorkeling with sea lions in the Galapagos and even climbing an iceberg in Antarctica.