1,700-year-old Roman hoard includes gold coins depicting illegitimate emperor

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"Secret" excavations in Luxembourg reveal 141 Roman gold coins from eight Roman emperors and one usurper.

A line of gold coins, which feature emperors, on a black background.
Some of the 1,700-year-old gold coins, which feature portraits of eight Roman emperors and the illegitimate emperor Eugenius. (Image credit: C. Nosbusch/INRA)

Archaeologists in Luxembourg have discovered a lavish 1,700-year-old hoard of Roman gold coins that had been placed near the foundations of a small, tower-like Roman fort.

The team unearthed 141 gold coins, which were minted between A.D. 364 and 408, in Holzthum, a village in northern Luxembourg. The coins feature portraits of eight emperors, but three coins portrayed an unexpected ruler: Eugenius, an illegitimate emperor of the Western Roman Empire who reigned for only two years (392 to 394).

"This is a major archaeological discovery, as it is extremely rare to be able to study an entire ancient monetary deposit in its archaeological context," researchers wrote in a translated statement from the National Institute for Archaeological Research (INRA) in Luxembourg.

Because of its historical significance, the find was kept secret for almost four years, with excavations under the direction of INRA taking place from 2020 to 2024. The team also faced hazardous conditions, as there were multiple World War II munitions and explosives buried in the area, prompting the Luxembourg Army Mine Action Service (SEDAL) to help with the dig.

Related: Amateur freedivers find gold treasure dating to the fall of the Roman Empire

Two sides of a gold coin on a black background

One of three gold coins featuring Eugenius that was found in a Roman-era hoard in Luxembourg. (Image credit: C. Nosbusch/INRA)

Worth nearly $322,000

The gold coins are solidi, a term that comes from the Latin "solidus," meaning "solid" — a reference to their consistently reliable gold content. The coins, each of which weighs approximately 0.16 ounce (4.5 grams), were introduced at the beginning of the fourth century during the era of the "Later Roman Empire." The solidus remained relatively stable for centuries and spread throughout the entire Mediterranean region.

A gold coin found in the dirt

The site of the hoard's discovery in Luxembourg (Image credit: INRA)

Following an independent analysis, which considered the "excellent condition" of the coins and "the presence of some rare specimens," the coins were valued at 308,600 euros, or nearly $322,000. In accordance with the legal provisions on cultural heritage, this sum is reserved for those who have legal rights, such as property holders, over the find.

"It will still take some time to process the excavations and finds," Luxembourg Culture Minister Eric Thill said in a translated parliamentary statement, "but it will undoubtedly increase our knowledge and understanding of the last century of the Roman Empire in the West."

The researchers plan to analyze the hoard further and eventually publish the results in a research journal.

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Marjanko Pilekić
Marjanko Pilekić
Live Science contributor

Marjanko Pilekić is a Germany-based research associate in Halle/Saale, specializing primarily in numismatics, with additional interests in ancient history and archaeology. He holds a bachelor's degree in history from the University of Freiburg, a master's in ancient history from Heidelberg University, and completed his doctorate in numismatics at Goethe University Frankfurt. As a freelancer at Live Science, he writes about exciting coin finds and other intriguing archaeological discoveries.