How Did the Hawaiian Islands Form?

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The Hawaiian Islands are massive volcanoes that formed through a long series of eruptions. (Image credit: NASA.)

Scientists don't know all the details, but the process begins millions of years ago deep below the Pacific Ocean where the current islands are anchored to one of the rocky slabs that make up Earth’s outer crust. This slab creeps over a hot spot, or a fixed plume of heat below Earth’s surface that reaches a searing 2,500ºF (1,400ºC). Like a blowtorch, the heat transforms deep rocks into oozy magma.

The magma rises upward until it erupts onto the seafloor. When the sizzling lava (which is what magma is called when it erupts) hits the cooler water, it hardens into an underwater volcano. Over time — and numerous eruptions — the volcano packs on enough hardened lava to pop above the ocean surface, forming an island. As the rocky seafloor slab inches along, it carries the island beyond the hot spot, cutting it off from its lava source. The cycle of volcanic birth and extinction has left behind a trail of islands. The island of Hawaii, now atop the hot spot, formed 4.5 million years after Kauai.

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Michelle Bryner
Michelle Bryner
Michelle writes about technology and chemistry for Live Science. She has a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry from the Salisbury University, a Bachelor of Chemical Engineering from the University of Delaware and a degree in Science Journalism from New York University. She is an active Muay Thai kickboxer at Five Points Academy and loves exploring NYC with friends.