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Bizarre Dinosaur Headgear Used For Shouting
The ornate headgear worn by duck-billed dinosaurs millions of years ago was used to make eerie, bellowing calls, suggests a new study.
The study also showed that as the dinosaurs matured into adults, their voices probably changed from high-pitched to deep, just like ours do (at least for guys).
The researchers specifically looked at a subfamily of duck-billed dinosaurs (plant-eaters with long, flattened snouts) called lambeosaurs that sported flashy caps that would have put to shame any "Star Wars" hairdo. The caps enclosed nasal passages that looped through the head crest to form large air chambers before passing into the airway (throat).
Past explanations for the wonky headgear have proposed that it was used to boost the dinosaurs' sense of smell, to regulate temperature or to allow sound to resonate for communication.
The new project represents the first time scientists have pieced together both the structures of the crests and nasal passages, along with reconstructions of the brain, the researchers say. The result confirms one of the theories, that the head crests were used for vocal communication — not as supersized sniffers.
The upshot is a picture of lambeosaurs shouting out to one another, wooing mates and warning one another of nearby enemies.
And if the study results hold true, when a lambeosaur made calls, air would travel through the nasal passages enclosed by the head crest. Since the sizes and shapes of head crests (and nasal pasasges) differed among lambeosaurs, each one had its own voice — their calls also would have sounded distinctive individual by individual, the researchers found.
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"Dinosaurs vocalized through their mouths, but because the nose connects to the mouth, the nasal passages act as resonance chambers," said researcher Lawrence Witmer of Ohio University’s College of Osteopathic Medicine.
The results will be presented today by the researchers at a meeting of the Society for Vertebrate Paleontology in Cleveland, Ohio. In addition, the research will be detailed in a forthcoming issue of the journal Anatomical Record.
Dino-sound system
Witmer, Ryan Ridgely, also of Ohio University’s College of Osteopathic Medicine, and their colleagues used computed tomography scans to peek inside the head crests and reconstruct the brains and nasal cavities of individuals from four genuses of the lambeosaur subfamily, including Parasaurolophus, Corythosaurus, Lambeosaurus and Hypacrosaurus.
"The shape of the brain can tell us a lot about what senses were important in a dinosaur's everyday life, and give insight into the function of the crests," said study lead author David Evans, a paleontologist at the Royal Ontario Museum and the University of Toronto. Evans worked with Witmer and Ridgely on the research.
In addition, Evans' team examined such systems in dinosaurs' closest living relatives, birds and crocodilians.
They found that the brain region linked with all things olfactory was relatively small and primitive in the lambeosaurs, suggesting, the researchers say, that the dinosaurs' head crests did not evolve to improve smell. Instead, the researchers think the dinosaurs used the nasal passages within the crests to make bellowing sounds that could have been used to call for mates or warn others of predators. (The ornamented external appearances of the crests served as visual displays.)
When a lambeosaur did call out, the size and shape of its head crest would have modified the sound coming out. The same phenomenon happens for us, Witmer explained. When we get stuffy noses, our voices change. That's because our nasal passages act as sound resonators.
"We have a sense that these animals used low frequency sound, so, very deep sounds that actually travel long distances and they may have been able to use those to communicate," Witmer said.
The CT scans showed a delicate inner ear, supporting the idea that the dinosaurs could hear the low-frequency calls produced by the crest.
Brainy beasts
If the lambeosaurs were in fact communicating with one other through vocal calls, the researchers suspected a well-developed brain could be at work to support such sophisticated behaviors. And that's what they found.
The reconstructed brains showed relatively large cerebral hemispheres, which are linked with higher thought and problem-solving.
"What it suggests is that they indeed did have the brain power to pull off some of these sophisticated behaviors," Witmer said, "that they probably did communicate in perhaps fairly subtle ways and they could make sense of it."
Dinosaur puberty
By examining the headgear of both juvenile and adult dinosaurs, the researchers also saw evidence for new details about dinosaur development and breeding.
As the crests got bigger and the animal matured, the dinosaurs' nasal passages became longer and more convoluted.
"The idea is that as these animals grow they would actually be starting to, in a sense, develop the tools and the ornaments to enter into the breeding pool," Witmer said. "The shape and size of the crest provides visual information. The nasal passages on the inside actually probably relate to voice and vocal communication."
Their voices may have changed like teen-age boys' do as they go through puberty.
"We could easily imagine that a little pipsqueak literally would've had a higher pitched voice," Witmer told LiveScience, "and as they got older [their voices] would become deeper."
The variation in crests among species and among individuals of the same species suggests the dinosaurs may have produced subtly different bellows, Witmer said.
And so like us and other modern animals, a dinosaur's unique voice may have served as a distinguishing feature for relatives and members of another species.
- A Brief History of Dinosaurs
- Avian Ancestors: Dinosaurs That Learned to Fly
- Images: Dinosaur Fossils
Jeanna Bryner is managing editor of Scientific American. Previously she was editor in chief of Live Science and, prior to that, an editor at Scholastic's Science World magazine. Bryner has an English degree from Salisbury University, a master's degree in biogeochemistry and environmental sciences from the University of Maryland and a graduate science journalism degree from New York University. She has worked as a biologist in Florida, where she monitored wetlands and did field surveys for endangered species, including the gorgeous Florida Scrub Jay. She also received an ocean sciences journalism fellowship from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. She is a firm believer that science is for everyone and that just about everything can be viewed through the lens of science.