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These two rock pigeon breeds, the old Dutch capuchine (left) and komorner tumbler (right), are not closely related, yet they both have feathery ornamentation on their heads known as a head crest.
The rock pigeon's funky hairdos have been pinned to a single gene mutation that signals head and neck feathers to grow up rather than down in a tamer fashion, report researchers who have just decoded the bird's genome.
"A head crest is a series of feathers on the back of the head and neck that point up instead of down," study researcher Michael Shapiro said in a statement. "Some are small and pointed. Others look like a shell behind the head; some people think they look like mullets. They can be as extreme as an Elizabethan collar."
In addition to diverse "updos," the rock pigeon — a single species (Columba livia) — shows incredible variety in several other traits, including beak size, vocalizations, color patterns and bone structure, among its 350 different breeds.
"We're interested in pigeons, because they're this beautiful example of amazing diversity within a single species," Shapiro, an assistant professor of biology at the University of Utah, told LiveScience. [Crazy Crests: Photos of Stunning Pigeon Hairdos]
The rock pigeon is a single species (Columba livia) with 350 different breeds with different sizes, shapes, colors, color patterns, beaks, bone structure, vocalizations and arrangements of feathers on the feet and head -- including head crests that come in shapes known as hoods, manes, shells and peaks.
(Image credit: Courtesy of Mike Shapiro)
Pigeon genes
To look at the genetics behind the diversity, Shapiro and his colleagues focused on a male rock pigeon from the Danish tumbler breed, assembling more than a billion chemical bases that pair up to form "rungs" on the "DNA ladder." Discrete units of DNA make up an organism's genes.
They also sequenced the partial genomes of two feral pigeons (one from a U.S. Interstate 15 overpass in the Salt Lake Valley, and the other from Lake Anna in Virginia) and 38 other rock pigeons from 36 breeds.
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The researchers lined up the genomes of birds with and without crests, finding a particular region in the genome that was highly differentiated between the two groups. Using a software tool the researchers found the so-called EphB2 gene could explain the difference; Shapiro and his colleagues say the gene acts like a switch for head crests, keeping feathers growing downward in its normal form and upward when mutated.
"We know this group of genes plays an important role in feather development," Shapiro told LiveScience, "though the role of this gene isn't completely understood yet."
He added that other genes likely control the variation in these head crests.
And while the fancy hairdos don't show themselves until pigeons are juveniles, the mutant gene is at work much earlier, reversing the direction of feather buds at the molecular level when the birds are just embryos.
Pigeon roots
The genetic results also revealed some of the pigeons' roots, showing the owl breeds (a group with short beaks) likely came from the Middle East, as they showed close ties with breeds known to have originated in Syria, Lebanon and Egypt, Shapiro said.
The findings also match historical accounts of trade routes: The team found a breed called fantails, which are typically associated with India, are related to breeds whose ancestors are known to have come from Iran.
"There are accounts from a time of Emperor Akbar in India that verify there were pigeons being exchanged between those two regions — India and Iran — or at least the Middle East," Shapiro said during a phone interview. "Akbar was apparently getting gifts of pigeons."
The study, which is detailed today (Jan. 31) in the Science journal's website Science Express, involved collaboration between China's BGI-Shenzhen, the University of Utah, the University of Copenhagen and the University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center.
Shapiro also noted the study would not have been possible without various pigeon breeders. "The pigeon breeders have been absolutely essential in this research, in material and expertise. And we could not have done it without them."
Jeanna Bryner is managing editor of Scientific American. Previously she was editor in chief of Live Science and, prior to that, an editor at Scholastic's Science World magazine. Bryner has an English degree from Salisbury University, a master's degree in biogeochemistry and environmental sciences from the University of Maryland and a graduate science journalism degree from New York University. She has worked as a biologist in Florida, where she monitored wetlands and did field surveys for endangered species, including the gorgeous Florida Scrub Jay. She also received an ocean sciences journalism fellowship from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. She is a firm believer that science is for everyone and that just about everything can be viewed through the lens of science.
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