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This artist's conception shows what scientists believe to be the progenitor system of the supernova SN 2011dh, which exploded in the Whirlpool galaxy in May 2011. The system consists of a blue star and a yellow supergiant.
In a forensic twist on astronomy, scientists turned sleuths are trying to track down the stellar victim of a supernova explosion that occurred last year.
An exploded star was discovered on May 31, 2011, in the famous nearby Whirlpool Galaxy (M51), which lies about 23 million light-years from our own Milky Way. Supernovas are thought to occur when massive stars reach the end of their lives, running out of fuel to power their inner furnaces and collapsing in on themselves to form dense neutron stars or black holes.
This supernova, called SN 2011dh, peaked in brightness in June 2011, shining light across the universe that was picked up by telescopes here on Earth. Now, astronomers are going back to photos taken of the galaxy before the supernova to try to find the star that exploded.
Astronomers led by Melina Bersten of the Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe in Japan say they've identified a yellow supergiant star, seen in Hubble Space Telescope photos taken before the explosion, very close to the location of the supernova. Furthermore, the team reports evidence that this star was in fact the progenitor of the explosion, and presents a model for how the star came to explode. [Supernova Photos: Great Images of Star Explosions]
The Whirlpool galaxy (M51) before (left) and after (right) the eruption of supernova SN 2011dh in May 2011. The image on the left was taken in 2009, and on the right July 8th, 2011.
(Image credit: Conrad Jung)
The discovery is surprising, because yellow supergiants are not thought to be able to go supernova. This phase of star evolution is a short-term transition stage that stars usually pass through on their way to becoming red supergiants, which then are expected to explode at the end of their lives.
However, the researchers suggest that this star wasn't your average yellow supergiant. The scientists say the star might have been part of a binary system with a blue (hot) companion star that was siphoning off some of its mass. This process could have caused the star to become unstable and ultimately explode. Furthermore, this kind of interaction would have stripped the yellow supergiant's outer gaseous layers, leaving it in a condition that would have produced the light signature seen in the supernova if it did explode.
Additionally, the scientists calculated, based on hydrodynamic physics models, that whatever star gave rise to the supernova must have been an extended object with a radius compatible with that of a yellow supergiant.
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The clincher to this theory would be to observe the blue companion star in photos taken before the supernova. No such star has yet been seen, but the scientists say that's not surprising: The companion would have emitted most of its light in the ultraviolet range, producing little visible light radiation for Hubble to see.
After the bright light from the supernova has faded, the astronomers hope to take follow-up observations in the ultraviolet spectrum to search for the star, which should still be in the same spot.
"The present results reveal the necessity and importance of further studying the evolution and explosion of binary stars," Bersten said in a statement. "I look forward to the observation that will confirm our prediction."
Clara has a bachelor's degree in astronomy and physics from Wesleyan University, and a graduate certificate in science writing from the University of California, Santa Cruz. She has written for both Space.com and Live Science.
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