World's Smallest Ear Can Hear Germs

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nano ears
Image Credit: Alexander Ohlinger et al., Physical Review Letters

A pin dropping is pretty quiet. But what about a bacterium?

Hearing anything smaller than a certain size would ordinarily be tough to do. But not if you have "nano-ears." This kind of ear is a microscopic particle of gold trapped by a laser beam and can pick up sound a million times fainter than humans can usually hear.

Sound waves happen when air is compressed and decompressed by pressure waves. Measuring that pressure — really measuring how air molecules are moving back and forth — one would see a sine wave pattern, and that is what makes sound of a given frequency.

To measure sound waves made at tiny scales, though, you need a way to measure movements at a similarly small scale, and no microphone can do that. That's where the gold particle and the laser beam come in.

The laser beam forms a pair of "optical tweezers" — a laser beam is focused by a lens and that beam can then move tiny particles around. It's a common method used in many areas of research in molecular biology.

In this case, optical physicist Jochen Feldmann and his colleagues in the Photonics and Optoelectronics Group at the University of Munich in Germany trapped a 60-nanometer wide gold particle with a laser. The gold particle was immersed in water surrounded by others like it. The scientists then heated the other nanoparticles with another laser, and measured how much the first one moved in response.

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What they got was a way to hear vibrations with more sensitivity than ever before. They could even tell which direction the sound came from. A three-dimensional array could build an acoustic picture of a very small object.

So why care what a germ sounds like? There's some way to go before this becomes an experimental tool, but early indications are that it could be used to see microorganisms move in a way that hasn't been done before. If nothing else it opens up a whole new line of research, similar to the way ultrasound opened up prenatal care.

Jesse Emspak
Jesse Emspak
Live Science Contributor
Jesse Emspak is a contributing writer for Live Science, Space.com and Toms Guide. He focuses on physics, human health and general science. Jesse has a Master of Arts from the University of California, Berkeley School of Journalism, and a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Rochester. Jesse spent years covering finance and cut his teeth at local newspapers, working local politics and police beats. Jesse likes to stay active and holds a third degree black belt in Karate, which just means he now knows how much he has to learn.