Hidden tunnel and rooms unearthed under 1,500-year-old church in Istanbul

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Archaeologists have excavated subterranean rooms and a tunnel under an early church in Istanbul, formerly Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire.

Here we see an underground chamber with brick-lined walls.
The hidden chambers beneath the ruins of the Church of St. Polyeuctus in the heart of Istanbul are thought to be almost 1,500 years old. (Image credit: Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality)

Archaeologists excavating beneath the ruins of an early Christian church have unearthed underground rooms and a tunnel from 1,500 years ago in the oldest part of Istanbul — once Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire.

The purpose of the hidden structures isn't completely understood, but they are probably part of the vast Church of St. Polyeuctus above them, which was built when the city was the center of Christianity, the empire's official religion.

The subterranean features consist of two large chambers connected by a tunnel and seem to have been linked to the church prothesis — the chamber beside the altar where bread and wine were prepared for the Byzantine Christian rite of the Divine Liturgy, a name still used in Eastern Orthodox churches. Parts of the underground rooms are still decorated with mosaics, stone inlays and carved marble blocks, according to archaeologists. 

The underground chambers were first discovered in the 1960s during an excavation of the site, and then closed off again to preserve them. (Image credit: Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality)

The underground rooms were first discovered during excavations following road construction in the 1960s. But they were covered up again, and their entrances were backfilled to preserve the rooms, according to Mahir Polat, the deputy general secretary of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (IBB.)   

The area, in the Saraçhane district at the center of Istanbul, had since become derelict. But the IBB started a redevelopment of the area last year as part of a project to transform the extensive ruins into a tourist attraction. In March, workers re-excavated the underground rooms and tunnel, and authorities soon plan to let the public observe the progress, Polat told Live Science in an email.

Related: Byzantine warrior with gold-threaded jaw unearthed in Greece

The purpose of the chambers isn't clear but they seem to have been connected to the altar area of the church above, and were decorated with mosaics and stone inlays. Here we see a view of the alter from underneath. (Image credit: Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality)

Imperial church

The Church of St. Polyeuctus was built between A.D. 524 and 527, during the reign of the emperor Justinian, according to "The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium" (Oxford University Press, 1991). It was one of the most splendid churches in Constantinople, as well as the largest until the cathedral of Hagia Sophia (now a mosque) was completed in 537.

All that's left now are its ruins, but in its heyday the Church of St. Polyeuctus was ornately decorated and may have boasted an early dome — a design perfected in the Hagia Sophia.

Polat said the church was abandoned after it was badly damaged by an earthquake in the 11th century and finally destroyed during the sack of the city in 1204 by Crusaders, mainly from Western Europe.

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City authorities say it's notable that the underground structures have not been badly damaged by earthquakes for almost 1500 years, suggesting they were built to withstand them. Here we see a rectangular-shaped hole in the gray stone wall.
City authorities say it's notable that the underground structures have not been badly damaged by earthquakes for almost 1,500 years, suggesting they were built to withstand them. (Image credit: Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality)

According to British historian Jonathan Phillips, author of "The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople" (Penguin Books, 2005), the Crusaders had been lured to Constantinople in support of a Byzantine Imperial faction while on their way to liberate Jerusalem. But they were left empty-handed when their favorite emperor was deposed by an uprising, and they turned instead to looting the imperial city.

Several architectural features of the church were taken and placed on buildings as far away as Barcelona and Vienna, and two of its ornately carved pillars — known as the Pilastri Acritani, or "Pillars of Acre" — are now part of St. Mark's Basilica in Venice.

The church ruins were built over during Istanbul's Ottoman period. Polat said it was notable that the underground structures had survived so long without being greatly damaged by the region's numerous earthquakes; and this longevity suggests many Byzantine buildings had been designed to withstand them. 

Ken Dark, an archaeologist at King's College London who isn't involved in the new project but has conducted excavations in Istanbul, said the ruins of St. Polyeuctus are among the best-documented in the city.  

"Hopefully, re-displaying the ruins of this historically important and once-magnificent church will bring awareness of it to a much wider audience," he told Live Science in an email.

Tom Metcalfe
Live Science Contributor

Tom Metcalfe is a freelance journalist and regular Live Science contributor who is based in London in the United Kingdom. Tom writes mainly about science, space, archaeology, the Earth and the oceans. He has also written for the BBC, NBC News, National Geographic, Scientific American, Air & Space, and many others.