Live Science Plus
Bird's Warning Chirps Reveal Surprising Smarts
Birds squawk and chirp to attract mates and warn of danger. But much of their intelligent chatter has until now eluded human comprehension.
The black-capped chickadee not only warns its flock of danger but also communicates the predator's size and relative threat, a new study finds.
All with a familiar chick-a-dee-dee-dee -- plus a few more dees.
Imminent danger?
A cat on the ground might elicit five or 10 dees. But something closer and capable of an aerial attack could generate nearly two dozen closing notes.
"With something really dangerous, such as a pygmy-owl perched near some chickadees in our aviary, we heard as many as 23 added dees," said Chris Templeton, a biology doctoral student at the University of Washington and lead author of the study.
The acoustic signatures of the calls change too, in ways humans can't notice.
Get the world’s most fascinating discoveries delivered straight to your inbox.
The results are detailed in the June 24 issue of the journal Science.
Your backyard
Black-capped chickadees are common in much of North America, and might be in your backyard right now, according to scientists at Cornell University. They are about 5 inches long and are very active. Look for a black cap and white cheeks.
Scientists had already described their call as one of the most complex in the animal kingdom. A chickadee can tell of individuals it spots or entire flocks it recognizes, previous studies showed.
The new research was done in an outdoor, semi-natural aviary with 15 live predators perched or on leashes.
Small but dangerous
Chickadees recognize a predator's threat status based on its size and agility, the study found. And, they know, bigger isn't always badder. Like Tweetie Bird taunting Sylvester the Cat, they can virtually ignore some not-so-dangerous predators.
"A pygmy-owl is more dangerous to a chickadee than a great horned owl that has a large hooked beak and big talons," Templeton explained. "A great horned owl going after a chickadee would be like a Hummer trying to outmaneuver and catch a Porsche."
The test chickadees paid no attention to a nearby and harmless bobwhite quail, suggesting the songbirds also recognize various species.
Related Stories
Spot the Chickadee
The Black-capped chickadee is very similar to the Carolina chickadee and where their ranges overlap they can be difficult to separate. Males and females are similar. Look for:
• Short bill
• Black crown and throat
• White face
• Pale gray upper parts
• White edges to wing coverts
• Grayish-white under parts
• Rusty flanks
• Often found in small flocks
The most obvious difference between the two species is their songs. Black-capped chickadees sing a two note song while Carolina sings a four note song. The two even have trouble telling each other apart, and have cross-bred. Hybrids sing a three note song. They don't sing much outside of the breeding season.
LiveScience / Credit: USGS
Robert is an independent health and science journalist and writer based in Phoenix, Arizona. He is a former editor-in-chief of Live Science with over 20 years of experience as a reporter and editor. He has worked on websites such as Space.com and Tom's Guide, and is a contributor on Medium, covering how we age and how to optimize the mind and body through time. He has a journalism degree from Humboldt State University in California.