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Powerful X-class flare spat out a rare 'solar tsunami,' and you can hear it smashing into Earth
The sun recently spat out an X-class solar flare, one of the most powerful it can emit, which triggered a rare shockwave across the sun's surface and caused radio blackouts on Earth.
A clip of the X-class flare erupting from the sun on Feb. 17 followed by a 'solar tsunami' that is visible as a faint shockwave in the surrounding region.
A sunspot recently belched out a surprise X-class flare, one of the most powerful solar flares our home star is capable of producing. The enormous explosion created a rarely seen "solar tsunami" across the sun's surface and unleashed an intense burst of radiation that caused radio blackouts on Earth.
And in a rare recording, a radio astronomer was able to capture the eerie sounds of the solar storm slamming into our planet's atmosphere.
The X-class flare occurred on Feb. 17, Spaceweather.com reported. It was spat out by a sunspot, designated AR3229, which had only recently formed. Solar storm forecasters from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) had predicted a minor chance of an X-class flare on that day but believed the threat would come from the much larger sunspot AR3226 instead. As a result, astronomers were caught off guard by the stellar blast, which had a magnitude of 2.2, according to Spaceweather.com. (Solar flare classes include A, B, C, M and X, with each class being at least 10 times more powerful than the previous one. Each class is split into separate categories numbered 1 to 9 — except for X-class flares, which have no defined upper limit.)
The flare triggered a rare type of shockwave known as a solar tsunami that rippled across the sun's visible surface, or photosphere, according to Spaceweather.com. A solar tsunami, also known by scientists as a fast-mode magnetohydrodynamical wave, is basically "a giant wave of hot plasma" that can travel up to 560,000 mph (901,000 km/h) across the photosphere and reach heights of around 62,150 miles (100,000 km), according to NASA.
Related: 10 solar storms that blew us away in 2022
A graphic showing the areas that were affected by the radio blackouts from the Type II solar radio burst.
The flare also emitted a Type II solar radio burst — a stream of mainly ultraviolet and X-ray radiation — that hit Earth shortly after the flare erupted. The radiation ionized the upper atmosphere, causing minor radio blackouts across parts of the Americas for around an hour, according to Spaceweather.com. (There are five categories for solar radio bursts. Type I is the weakest and Type V is the strongest, capable of causing widespread and long-lasting blackouts.)
Amateur radio astronomer and citizen scientist Thomas Ashcraft, who is based in New Mexico, managed to capture a rare audio recording of the radio burst slamming into Earth. The eerie sound is made up of static created by the radiation hitting the atmosphere and was recorded somewhat serendipitously.
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The eerie sound clip of the radio burst hitting Earth. (Credit: Thomas Ashcraft)
"The sun was right in my radio telescope beam when the flare occurred," Ashcraft told Spaceweather.com. This enabled him to capture the "full force" of the radio burst, which would not have been possible if his telescope was not already pointing at the sun, he added.
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X-class flares appear to be occurring more frequently. On Jan. 3, a potential X-class flare, the first of the year, erupted from a massive sunspot hidden on the sun's far side. Since then, the sun has spat out another five confirmed X-class flares, including the most recent one. In comparison, there were only seven X-class flares in the entirety of 2022, according to SpaceWeatherLive.com.
The uptick in X-class flares is likely the result of the sun entering a more lively phase of its 11-year solar cycle, which should peak in 2025. The increase in activity has also caused more sunspots to appear on the sun's photosphere.
Harry is a U.K.-based senior staff writer at Live Science. He studied marine biology at the University of Exeter before training to become a journalist. He covers a wide range of topics including space exploration, planetary science, space weather, climate change, animal behavior and paleontology. His recent work on the solar maximum won "best space submission" at the 2024 Aerospace Media Awards and was shortlisted in the "top scoop" category at the NCTJ Awards for Excellence in 2023. He also writes Live Science's weekly Earth from space series.