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When ocean-dwelling leatherback turtles encounter fishing lines or nets, the results can be deadly for the large marine animals. To help protect these turtles, researchers have identified "hotspots" where some of these deadly encounters are likely occur in the Pacific Ocean.
Leatherback turtles, which weigh up to 2,000 lbs. (900 kilograms), don't have a solid shell. Instead, their shell is made of bones connected by cartilage and covered by leathery skin (hence their name), said James R. Spotila, a study researcher and an ecologist at Drexel University in Philadelphia who studies these and other sea turtles.
Leatherbacks spend much of their lives in the open oceans but nest on tropical beaches, where the females lay eggs in the sand.
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Like other marine animals, these turtles are at risk of becoming entangled in fishing gear — a phenomenon known as bycatch. When the turtles encounter lines set by fishermen to catch tuna and swordfish, they may mistake the bait for a meal or, more likely, become accidentally entangled, said John Roe, the lead study author and a wildlife ecologist at the University of North Carolina at Pembroke.
Because turtles must breathe air, they drown while caught up in a line.
To identify potential hotspots for long-line-turtle encounters, the researchers combined satellite tracking information from 135 turtles with fisheries data. Roe and his colleagues calculated that, within the areas of the Pacific Ocean where the transmitter-toting leatherbacks traveled between 1992 and 2008, fishermen set an average of 760 million hooks per year. Other fishing gear, such as gill and trawl nets, also pose a risk to leatherbacks.
Researchers combined satellite tracking data from 135 leatherback turtles with data on longline fisheries to generate maps showing the risk of turtles encountering longlines by season.
(Image credit: Roe et al.)
"Long lines are not the only problem, but it is the one we decided to focus on because we had data," Roe said.
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They drew on statistics collected by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization on hooks set and the weight of fish caught in the Pacific Ocean. Leatherback turtles are found around the globe; however, this study focused on the Pacific.
"Those in the Pacific have experienced the steepest decline of all the ones we have adequate data to assess," Roe said. "Some of [these populations] have almost completely blinked out of existence."
The team looked not only at location, but also season.
In the western Pacific, the researchers found unrelenting risk of bycatch near leatherbacks' nesting beaches on the island of New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. This was one of the most concentrated areas of likely turtle-fishery interaction, Spotila said.
In the eastern Pacific, they found the greatest risk in the South Pacific Gyre, an expansive rotating current west of South America. The risk was most intense here between July and December.
The researchers hope that, ultimately, their work will help protect the turtles.
"Instead of looking out across the whole Pacific, now we can take these identified hotspots and times, and we can hone down that intractable problem into a smaller series of problems," Roe said.
Wynne was a reporter at The Stamford Advocate. She has interned at Discover magazine and has freelanced for The New York Times and Scientific American's web site. She has a masters in journalism from Columbia University and a bachelor's degree in biology from the University of Utah.
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