Fore! Here Comes the Ultimate Golf Ball

When it comes to improving your golf game, you can spend thousands of dollars buying the latest titanium-induced, Tiger-promoted golf clubs; taking private lessons from the local "I used to be on the Tour" pro; or trying every slice-correcting, swing-speed-estimating, GPS-distance-guessing gadget.

But, in the end, it's about getting that little white sphere to go where you intend it to go.

There are many very smart people trying to help you by designing the ultimate golf ball. Now, a breakthrough by scientists from Arizona State University and the University of Maryland may soon give golf ball manufacturers a more efficient method of testing their designs.

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• Video – How Dimples Make Golf Balls Go Farther

Their research uses mathematical equations that model the physics of a golf ball in flight. ASU's Clinton Smith, a Ph.D. student and his advisor Kyle Squires collaborated with Nikolaos Beratlis and Elias Balaras at the University of Maryland and Masaya Tsunoda of Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd. The team has been developing highly efficient algorithms and software to solve these equations on parallel supercomputers, which can reduce the simulation time from years to hours.

Now that the model and process are in place, the next step is to begin the quest for the ultimate ball cover. Two forces affect the flight and distance of flying spheres: gravity and aerodynamics. Eventually, gravity wins once the momentum of the ball is slowed by the aerodynamic drag.

Since all golf clubs have some angular loft to their clubface, the struck ball will have backspin. As explained by the Magnus Force effect, the air pressure will be lower on the top of the ball since that side is moving slower relative to the air around it. This creates lift as the ball will go in the direction of the lower air pressure.

Counteracting this lift is the friction or drag the ball experiences while flying through the air. Think about a boat moving through water. At the front of the boat, the water moves smoothly around the sides of the boat, but eventually separates from the boat on the back side. This leaves behind a turbulent wake where the water is agitated and creates a lower pressure area. The larger the wake, the more drag is created. A ball in flight has the same properties.

The secret then is how to reduce this wake behind the ball.

Enter the infamous golf ball dimples. Dimples on a golf ball create a thin turbulent boundary layer of air molecules that sticks to the ball's contour longer than on a smooth ball. This allows the flowing air to follow the ball's surface farther around the back of the ball, which decreases the size of the wake.

Research has shown that a dimpled ball travels about twice as far as a smooth ball. So, the design competition comes down to perfecting the dimple. The number, size and shape can have a dramatic impact on performance. Typically, today's balls have 300-500 spherically shaped dimples, each with a depth of about .010 inch. However, varying just the depth by .001 inch can have dramatic effects on the ball's flight.

Regarding shape, these traditional round dimple patterns cover up to 86 percent of the surface of the golf ball. To create better coverage, Callaway Golf's HX ball uses hexagon shaped dimples that can create a denser lattice of dimples, leaving fewer flat spots. Creating just the right design has traditionally been a trial-and-error process of creating a prototype then testing in a wind tunnel. This time-consuming process does not allow for the extreme fine-tuning of the variables.

Improving the efficiency of this design process is exactly the goal of the ASU/Maryland researchers, who will present their work this week at the 61st Meeting of the American Physical Society's Division of Fluid Dynamics in San Antonio. Their mathematical models will allow many more permutations of the variables in much less time. In the meantime, when someone asks you, "What's your handicap?" you can confidently tell them, "Well, my golf ball's design does not optimize its drag coefficient which results in a lower loft and spin rate from its poor aerodynamics."

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Dan Peterson blogs about sports science at his site Sports Are 80 Percent Mental and at Scientific Blogging.