Chances of Eruption Increasing at Iceland Volcano

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Bardarbunga earthquakes
Earthquake swarm at Bardarbunga volcano. (Image credit: Iceland Met Office)

Intense rumbling under Iceland's Bardarbunga volcano has prompted the country's Met Office to raise the volcano's eruption risk level to orange today (Aug. 18).

The orange alert is the fourth level on a five-grade scale, and signifies that an volcanic eruption is possible but not imminent.

The shaking is focused in two different seismic swarms: one to the east of the Bardarbunga caldera (a bowl-shaped volcanic feature), and one at the edge of Dyngjujökull glacier. [Fire and Ice: Images of Volcano-Ice Encounters]

The earthquakes indicate magma moving underground through fractures, a process called dyke intrusion, according to a statement from Iceland's Met Office. The molten rock has reached within 6 miles (10 kilometers) of the surface, the Met Office said.

"The clues from the pattern of earthquakes show that seismic energy is being expended in two main clusters — one to the northeast on the glacier margin, and one to the east under the ice," Dave McGarvie, a volcanologist at the Open University in Scotland, said in a statement. "The good news for air travel is that both these clusters are away from the heart of the main volcano, as it's in the heart that the kind of magma is produced which leads to highly explosive eruptions that produce the abundant fine ash capable of being transported long distances through the atmosphere." 

An eruption at the remote Bardarbunga volcano doesn't immediately threaten any Iceland communities, as the surrounding area is uninhabitated, but an ash plume could shut down flights in Europe. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull volcano closed airports for six days, stranding passengers and costing airlines $1.7 billion in lost revenues.

Bardarbunga is Iceland's fourth most active volcano and last erupted in 1794. (The three most active volcanoes in Iceland, from most to least active, include: Hekla, Grímsvötn, and Katla.)

An eruption in 1910 is also linked to a nearby fissure system connected to Bardarbunga's magma supply. There may have been smaller eruptions since, concealed beneath its thick cover of ice. Bardarbunga is buried beneath the Vatnajökull glacier. An eruption could melt part of the glacier, triggering a jökulhlaup, a massive and unexpected meltwater flood.

Editor's note: This story was updated Aug. 18 to correct the year Eyjafjallajökull volcano erupted.

Email Becky Oskin or follow her @beckyoskin. Follow us @livescience, Facebook & Google+. Original article on Live Science.

Becky Oskin
Becky Oskin
Contributing Writer
Becky Oskin covers Earth science, climate change and space, as well as general science topics. Becky was a science reporter at Live Science and The Pasadena Star-News; she has freelanced for New Scientist and the American Institute of Physics. She earned a master's degree in geology from Caltech, a bachelor's degree from Washington State University, and a graduate certificate in science writing from the University of California, Santa Cruz.