Circle = female; square = male. Individual males are coded by color (blue, green and red). Black symbols represent offspring and open symbols represent males that either sired one offspring in the pedigree or were unidentified. Female 1 shares mating partners (blue and green) with daughters 2 and 4, but in neither case does the daughter mate with her own father. Offspring 3 is the maternal half-niece of offspring 4, but these bats also share a father (blue). Credit: © Nature