Warm Water Creatures May Soon Rule the Oceans

A NASA researcher captured this 2005 photo of the Antarctic ice sheet in West Antarctica. CREDIT: NASA

Warm-water sea creatures may one day rule the oceans as their cold-water competitors fail to adapt to climate change.

This scenario is suggested by a new study which concludes that a species of Antarctic limpets, a type of small mollusk, can't grow as fast as their limpet cousins in warmer climates. Being introduced to warmer water only stunts the growth of the Antarctic creatures even more.

"Sea temperature is predicted to increase by around 2 degrees Celsius in the next 100 years," said study leader Keiron Fraser of the British Antarctic Survey. "If cold-blooded Antarctic animals can't grow efficiently or increase their growth rates, they are unlikely to be able to cope in warmer water or compete with species that will inevitably move into the region as temperatures rise."

Scientists once assumed that polar species grew slower than temperate and tropical species because food was scarce in the winter. But the new study, first published in the July 20 online issue of The Journal of Experimental Biology, shows that proteins—the building blocks of growth—are the problem.

Cold-blooded animals, such as the Antarctic limpets, that live in colder waters can't produce proteins as efficiently as those that live in warmer waters, and can't hold on to many of those they do make, according to the study's findings. While tropical water limpets can keep about 70 percent of the proteins they make, Antarctic species retain only about 20 percent.

While warmer waters would seem to be good news for the Antarctic limpets by allowing them to produce more proteins, it turns out that their protein production peaks at a specific temperature—the Antarctic summer maximum. At anything above that temperature the limpets actually produce less protein, Fraser said.

"The animal certainly doesn't seem to have the ability to produce proteins outside of this narrow temperature range," he told LiveScience.

Because limpets sit near the base of the Antarctic food chain, their disappearance could threaten species that dine on them, such as seabirds, fish and starfish.

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